Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Eysenck's theory, introverts actively regulate their arousal in social and stimulation settings to:
According to Eysenck's theory, introverts actively regulate their arousal in social and stimulation settings to:
- Balance arousal levels with short periods of stimulation followed by isolation.
- Maintain a consistently low level of cortical arousal regardless of the environment.
- Decrease arousal by avoiding stimulation and social contact. (correct)
- Increase arousal by seeking out high-energy environments.
Damage to Gage's prefrontal cortex resulted in:
Damage to Gage's prefrontal cortex resulted in:
- A shift in personality despite maintaining consciousness. (correct)
- Immediate loss of consciousness and cognitive function.
- Increased intellectual capacity but reduced emotional regulation.
- Enhanced physical abilities with no change in personality.
How does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) relate to sensation seeking?
How does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) relate to sensation seeking?
- Low MAO levels correlate with high neurotransmission and increased sensation seeking. (correct)
- MAO directly stimulates the nervous system, causing individuals to seek thrills.
- Low MAO levels causes high activation of neurons (anxiety).
- High MAO levels lead to decreased neurotransmission and increased sensation seeking.
How do baseline levels of cortical arousal differ between introverts and extroverts, according to fMRI studies?
How do baseline levels of cortical arousal differ between introverts and extroverts, according to fMRI studies?
An individual with a highly sensitive Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is most likely to exhibit:
An individual with a highly sensitive Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is most likely to exhibit:
An individual learns best when rewarded. Based on the material, this individual is likely sensitive to which system?
An individual learns best when rewarded. Based on the material, this individual is likely sensitive to which system?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with negative emotional experiences, anxiety, and depression within Gray's framework of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with negative emotional experiences, anxiety, and depression within Gray's framework of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
According to the material, the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) can best be described as:
According to the material, the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) can best be described as:
How is psychopathy related to BAS and BIS?
How is psychopathy related to BAS and BIS?
In the context of Eysenck's theory, what is the role of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in individual differences in extraversion?
In the context of Eysenck's theory, what is the role of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in individual differences in extraversion?
Flashcards
What is the ARAS?
What is the ARAS?
A system of nuclei in the brainstem that communicates cerebral context with the body and reacts to environmental stimuli.
How do introverts regulate arousal?
How do introverts regulate arousal?
Individuals with high ARAS activity seek to limit stimulation, avoiding social settings to reduce arousal.
How do extroverts regulate arousal?
How do extroverts regulate arousal?
Individuals with low ARAS activity seek stimulating experiences and social interactions to raise arousal.
What is the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)?
What is the Behavioural Activation System (BAS)?
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What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?
What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?
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How do BAS/BIS influence learning?
How do BAS/BIS influence learning?
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What is sensation seeking (SS)?
What is sensation seeking (SS)?
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What is Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)?
What is Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)?
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What system is often affected by depression?
What system is often affected by depression?
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Which system is affected by psychopathy?
Which system is affected by psychopathy?
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Study Notes
- Contemporary research explores physiological basis of extraversion, sensitivity to reward/punishment, and sensation seeking.
- Engaging different levels of physiological areas.
Extraversion
- Linked to arousal of the cerebral cortex.
- The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is implicated in individual differences in extraversion.
- ARAS represents set of nuclei in the brain stem, facilitating cerebral context communication with the body and reaction to environmental stimuli.
- It is the gateway for nervous stimulation to enter the brain and activate the cerebral cortex.
- High ARAS activity is theorized to correspond to high cortical arousal, while low ARAS activity corresponds to low cortical arousal.
Introverts
- High ARAS activity and high cortical arousal are characteristic of introverts.
- They restrain themselves to avoid further arousal, seeking low stimulation settings.
- Introverts regulate their arousal downward.
Extroverts
- Low ARAS activity and closed gateway for nuclei communication with the cerebral cortex are characteristic of extroverts.
- They seek high stimulation experiences to enhance arousal.
- Extroverts regulate their arousal upward.
- Research indicates introverts prefer quiet study rooms to down-regulate and change the background less.
- Extroverts prefer noisy study rooms to up-regulate and change the background more.
- FMRI reveals baseline levels of cortical arousal do not differ, arousability to stimuli does.
Physiological Basis of Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment
- Gray proposed two systems for individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment.
Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
- Located in the left prefrontal cortex.
- Linked to high levels of dopamine, and is related to rewards, generating approach behavior.
- Extraversion involves an approach to reward, positive emotions, and excitement.
Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
- Located in the right prefrontal cortex.
- Linked to low levels of serotonin, which is related to negative emotional experiences (anxiety depression).
- Low GABA is a factor, which reduces neural transmission.
- Low GABA causes high activation of neurons (anxiety).
- High Norepinephrine is also a factor.
- BIS responds to punishment/frustration and regulates avoidance behavior.
- Neuroticism involves an approach to BIS and unstable emotions.
- Sensitivity to reward or punishment is determined by BAS or BIS.
- Both systems are distinct, therefore both can be highly sensitive.
How BAS/BIS Influence Learning and Psychopathology
- Individuals sensitive to BAS learn best when rewarded.
- Individuals sensitive to BIS learn best when punished.
- Depression is associated with low BAS and may have higher BIS.
- Anxiety disorders involve higher sensitivity to BIS.
- Psychopathy includes higher BAS.
Sensation Seeking Physiological Basis
- Physiological traits or genes influence sensation seeking.
- Sensation seeking represents the tendency to seek novel, exciting, and risky experiences.
- Facets: boredom, inhibition, new experiences, excitement.
- Zuckerman researched sensation seeking.
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme associated with sensation seeking.
- MAO breaks down neurotransmitters and inhibits them, therefore individual seeking sensations have low MOA.
- People with high sensation exhibit high neurotransmission of dopamine.
- The nervous system experiences disinhibition, reducing conscious control over thoughts and feelings.
- People with high sensation seeking have reduced control over their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
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