Personality Psychology Week 9: Self-Esteem

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of an individual with low self-esteem?

They are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.
They are associated with being bullied. (correct)
They have high need for approval and cheat more.
They are likely to defend others against bullying.

What is a consequence of having low self-esteem?

Delinquency and low school involvement. (correct)
Delinquency and high educational achievement.
Delinquency and high school involvement.
Cheating and high approval from others.

According to Kirkpatrick and Ellis (2001), what is the theory connected to self-esteem?

Cognitive theory.
Evolutionary theory. (correct)
Humanistic theory.
Social learning theory.

What is a methodological issue in measuring self-esteem?

Defining what is high and low self-esteem. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an individual with high self-esteem and low need for approval?

They are less likely to engage in anti-social behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of having high self-esteem and high need for approval?

They are more likely to cheat to achieve success. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern with using artificial self-esteem to improve school performance?

It does not affect school performance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between self-esteem and happiness?

Positive correlation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of self-report in assessing self-esteem?

People with high self-esteem judge themselves as more attractive, higher IQ, and skinnier (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between self-esteem and depression?

Negative correlation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a mechanism designed to monitor one's performance and standing with respect to other relevant people?

Environmental monitor (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between self-esteem and health?

Inconclusive-partial correlation for self-report (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a predictor of self-esteem?

School performance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that refers to the idea that people with high self-esteem may judge themselves as more attractive, higher IQ, and skinnier?

Fuzzy concept (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the updating mechanism in self-concept?

To evaluate the self-concept based on new information (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of people with high self-esteem in terms of initiative?

They are more likely to take initiative (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-esteem and job performance?

High self-esteem has no effect on job performance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional view of self-esteem?

It is a stable and internal trait (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of affective evaluation in self-esteem?

It is a way to evaluate stable internal representations of the self (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sociometer in self-esteem?

It is used to monitor and maintain a sense of self-worth (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of self-esteem according to the traditional view?

To have more self-esteem (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is feedback important in reducing false self-esteem?

Because it is objective and balanced (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed function of self-esteem according to Leary et al. 1995?

A mechanism to solve adaptive problems (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Mark Leary's research, what is associated with high self-esteem?

Defensive behavior and aggression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals with high self-esteem in romantic relationships?

They are more chill in their relationships (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a cultural difference in the importance of self-esteem?

Individualistic cultures want self-esteem higher (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome for people who are rejected in romantic relationships?

Their self-esteem decreases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-esteem in the context of mating?

It is domain-specific and does not affect friendships (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of feedback from a potential mate on people's self-esteem?

It affects self-esteem in mating but not in friendships (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-esteem and aggression?

Low self-esteem leads to increased aggression (C) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Self-Esteem and Its Function

Self-esteem is associated with defending others against bullying, but low self-esteem is linked to being bullied.
Self-esteem serves a role in coping, with a positive correlation between high self-esteem and happiness, and a negative correlation with depression.

Methodological Issues

Measurement of self-esteem is complex, with issues regarding distributions (what is high and low self-esteem) and self-report methods being considered the most reliable.
Correlations are used to study self-esteem, but it's essential to note that everything is correlational, and it's unethical to conduct experimental studies that could imply causation.

Research Findings

Self-esteem does not causally affect school performance, but artificial self-esteem can be a problem.
High self-esteem does not necessarily affect job performance, but it does influence persistence.
Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem serves as a monitor of one's performance and standing compared to others.
Updating mechanisms are used to update self-concept based on new information, such as changes in attractiveness or perception.

Interpersonal Aspects

High self-esteem individuals have superior social skills and are more popular, but this only exists in their minds.
High self-esteem individuals are more likely to take initiative and are more likely to break up in relationships.
Aggression is linked to defensive high self-esteem, which is associated with bullying and assisted bullying.

Traditional View of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem has a value component and serves as a mechanism to solve adaptive problems.
The ultimate goal is to have more self-esteem, which is achieved through mechanisms that solve adaptive problems.

Background and Culture

Mark Leary's work in the 1990s focused on the association between anxiety and self-esteem.
Self-esteem has many layers and serves more functions than initially thought.
Individualistic cultures tend to prioritize self-esteem more than collectivist cultures.
Self-esteem functions differently in mating and relationships, with domain specificity being an important aspect.

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