30 Questions
What is a characteristic of an individual with low self-esteem?
They are associated with being bullied.
What is a consequence of having low self-esteem?
Delinquency and low school involvement.
According to Kirkpatrick and Ellis (2001), what is the theory connected to self-esteem?
Evolutionary theory.
What is a methodological issue in measuring self-esteem?
Defining what is high and low self-esteem.
What is a characteristic of an individual with high self-esteem and low need for approval?
They are less likely to engage in anti-social behavior.
What is a consequence of having high self-esteem and high need for approval?
They are more likely to cheat to achieve success.
What is the main concern with using artificial self-esteem to improve school performance?
It does not affect school performance
What is the correlation between self-esteem and happiness?
Positive correlation
What is the main limitation of self-report in assessing self-esteem?
People with high self-esteem judge themselves as more attractive, higher IQ, and skinnier
What is the correlation between self-esteem and depression?
Negative correlation
What is the term used to describe a mechanism designed to monitor one's performance and standing with respect to other relevant people?
Environmental monitor
What is the correlation between self-esteem and health?
Inconclusive-partial correlation for self-report
Which of the following is not a predictor of self-esteem?
School performance
What is the concept that refers to the idea that people with high self-esteem may judge themselves as more attractive, higher IQ, and skinnier?
Fuzzy concept
What is the primary goal of the updating mechanism in self-concept?
To evaluate the self-concept based on new information
What is the characteristic of people with high self-esteem in terms of initiative?
They are more likely to take initiative
What is the relationship between self-esteem and job performance?
High self-esteem has no effect on job performance
What is the traditional view of self-esteem?
It is a stable and internal trait
What is the role of affective evaluation in self-esteem?
It is a way to evaluate stable internal representations of the self
What is the function of the sociometer in self-esteem?
It is used to monitor and maintain a sense of self-worth
What is the ultimate goal of self-esteem according to the traditional view?
To have more self-esteem
Why is feedback important in reducing false self-esteem?
Because it is objective and balanced
What is the proposed function of self-esteem according to Leary et al. 1995?
A mechanism to solve adaptive problems
According to Mark Leary's research, what is associated with high self-esteem?
Defensive behavior and aggression
What is a characteristic of individuals with high self-esteem in romantic relationships?
They are more chill in their relationships
What is a cultural difference in the importance of self-esteem?
Individualistic cultures want self-esteem higher
What is the outcome for people who are rejected in romantic relationships?
Their self-esteem decreases
What is a characteristic of self-esteem in the context of mating?
It is domain-specific and does not affect friendships
What is the result of feedback from a potential mate on people's self-esteem?
It affects self-esteem in mating but not in friendships
What is the relationship between self-esteem and aggression?
Low self-esteem leads to increased aggression
Study Notes
Self-Esteem and Its Function
- Self-esteem is associated with defending others against bullying, but low self-esteem is linked to being bullied.
- Self-esteem serves a role in coping, with a positive correlation between high self-esteem and happiness, and a negative correlation with depression.
Methodological Issues
- Measurement of self-esteem is complex, with issues regarding distributions (what is high and low self-esteem) and self-report methods being considered the most reliable.
- Correlations are used to study self-esteem, but it's essential to note that everything is correlational, and it's unethical to conduct experimental studies that could imply causation.
Research Findings
- Self-esteem does not causally affect school performance, but artificial self-esteem can be a problem.
- High self-esteem does not necessarily affect job performance, but it does influence persistence.
- Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem serves as a monitor of one's performance and standing compared to others.
- Updating mechanisms are used to update self-concept based on new information, such as changes in attractiveness or perception.
Interpersonal Aspects
- High self-esteem individuals have superior social skills and are more popular, but this only exists in their minds.
- High self-esteem individuals are more likely to take initiative and are more likely to break up in relationships.
- Aggression is linked to defensive high self-esteem, which is associated with bullying and assisted bullying.
Traditional View of Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem has a value component and serves as a mechanism to solve adaptive problems.
- The ultimate goal is to have more self-esteem, which is achieved through mechanisms that solve adaptive problems.
Background and Culture
- Mark Leary's work in the 1990s focused on the association between anxiety and self-esteem.
- Self-esteem has many layers and serves more functions than initially thought.
- Individualistic cultures tend to prioritize self-esteem more than collectivist cultures.
- Self-esteem functions differently in mating and relationships, with domain specificity being an important aspect.
Quiz on personality psychology, focusing on the self and self-esteem, from the University of South Australia.
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