Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does Criterion A of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) primarily focus on?
What does Criterion A of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) primarily focus on?
- Management of co-occurring disorders
- Impaired personality functioning (correct)
- Cultural deviance
- Risk factors of personality disorders
Which personality disorder is classified under Cluster B and is known for dramatic and emotional behaviors?
Which personality disorder is classified under Cluster B and is known for dramatic and emotional behaviors?
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder (correct)
What is one of the main criticisms of the categorical model of personality disorders?
What is one of the main criticisms of the categorical model of personality disorders?
- Insufficient recognition of comorbidity
- Extreme heterogeneity in diagnoses (correct)
- Lack of cultural relevance
- Excessive focus on biological factors
The five broad domains of pathological personality traits in the AMPD are primarily derived from which established model?
The five broad domains of pathological personality traits in the AMPD are primarily derived from which established model?
What treatment goals do emotional stability goals primarily align with according to the AMPD?
What treatment goals do emotional stability goals primarily align with according to the AMPD?
Which of the following disorders is not found in Cluster A?
Which of the following disorders is not found in Cluster A?
What is indicated by a high rate of co-occurrence of personality disorders?
What is indicated by a high rate of co-occurrence of personality disorders?
Which domain from the AMPD concerns issues related to social interactions and withdrawal?
Which domain from the AMPD concerns issues related to social interactions and withdrawal?
What characteristic is most indicative of Personality Disorders as per the DSM criteria?
What characteristic is most indicative of Personality Disorders as per the DSM criteria?
Which trait from the five broad domains reflects a tendency towards impulsivity and lack of planning?
Which trait from the five broad domains reflects a tendency towards impulsivity and lack of planning?
Which approach emphasizes the interaction between innate traits and environmental factors in personality development?
Which approach emphasizes the interaction between innate traits and environmental factors in personality development?
What term describes the long-lasting characteristics that predispose individuals to act consistently across different situations?
What term describes the long-lasting characteristics that predispose individuals to act consistently across different situations?
In Eysenck’s model, which factor corresponds to a high level of emotional stability?
In Eysenck’s model, which factor corresponds to a high level of emotional stability?
Which trait theory method suggests that personality traits can be identified through language?
Which trait theory method suggests that personality traits can be identified through language?
According to the Five Factor Model, what dimension does agreeableness represent?
According to the Five Factor Model, what dimension does agreeableness represent?
What is the goal of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders?
What is the goal of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders?
Which factor in Eysenck's model is most closely associated with tendencies towards aggression and anti-social behavior?
Which factor in Eysenck's model is most closely associated with tendencies towards aggression and anti-social behavior?
What often complicates the diagnosis of personality disorders in individuals?
What often complicates the diagnosis of personality disorders in individuals?
Which of the following traits is NOT considered a central trait according to Allport's theory?
Which of the following traits is NOT considered a central trait according to Allport's theory?
What methodology is used to quantify traits in the nomothetic approach?
What methodology is used to quantify traits in the nomothetic approach?
What is a key characteristic of personality traits according to the Five Factor Model?
What is a key characteristic of personality traits according to the Five Factor Model?
In the Five Factor Theory, how does culture influence personality traits?
In the Five Factor Theory, how does culture influence personality traits?
What trend in personality traits typically occurs around the age of 30 according to the Five Factor Model?
What trend in personality traits typically occurs around the age of 30 according to the Five Factor Model?
In which context was the NEO-PI-R assessment found to be particularly useful?
In which context was the NEO-PI-R assessment found to be particularly useful?
What was a significant finding from the study of the Tsimane people regarding the Five Factor Model?
What was a significant finding from the study of the Tsimane people regarding the Five Factor Model?
According to the Five Factor Theory, what role does the environment play in shaping personality traits?
According to the Five Factor Theory, what role does the environment play in shaping personality traits?
Which statement best describes how personality disorders relate to personality traits?
Which statement best describes how personality disorders relate to personality traits?
Which aspect of personality traits does the Five Factor Model NOT emphasize?
Which aspect of personality traits does the Five Factor Model NOT emphasize?
What is one limitation discovered when testing the Five Factor Model in the context of indigenous cultures?
What is one limitation discovered when testing the Five Factor Model in the context of indigenous cultures?
What does the Five Factor Model suggest about the biological basis of personality traits?
What does the Five Factor Model suggest about the biological basis of personality traits?
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Study Notes
Personality Disorders
- A personality disorder is a long-lasting pattern of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and interactions that significantly deviates from cultural norms.
- It is pervasive and inflexible, starting in adolescence or early adulthood, and is stable over time.
- These disorders generally lead to distress or impairment in social areas.
Categorical vs Dimensional Approach
- The DSM-5 uses a categorical approach to diagnose personality disorders, classifying them into distinct types within three clusters.
- The categorical model struggles with significant co-occurrence of personality disorders, high heterogeneity within diagnoses, and the prevalence of "Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified" (PD NOS).
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD)
- The AMPD provides a dimensional approach to personality pathology by focusing on both impaired personality functioning and pathological personality traits.
- It emphasizes that personality disorders represent maladaptive variants of normal personality traits that can blend seamlessly into normality and with each other.
- It defines personality disorders according to two criteria:
- Criterion A: Impaired Personality Functioning
- Criterion B: Pathological Personality Traits
Pathological Personality Traits
- AMPD defines five broad domains of pathological traits:
- Negative affectivity (Neuroticism)
- Detachment (Extraversion)
- Psychoticism (Openness)
- Antagonism (Agreeableness)
- Disinhibition (Conscientiousness)
Five-Factor Model (FFM)
- The FFM is also known as the "Big Five" personality model
- It posits five broad personality domains that are stable across time and highly heritable:
- Openness to Experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- The FFM is based on the lexical hypothesis, suggesting traits can be identified through language, and uses factor analysis.
- It is widely used in research and clinical settings, with applications like job selection and screening.
- The FFM suggests that the environment has a limited impact on personality, with traits primarily shaped by biology.
- While traits are stable, universal age-related changes occur, with Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness decreasing while Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increasing around age 30.
- The FFM has been replicated in over 50 societies across six continents, making the Five Factors thought to be universal.
FFM & Cultural Context
- There is evidence that culture can shape the expression of traits.
- The FFM has not been replicated in all cultures.
- The indigenous Tsimane people in Bolivia demonstrate a "Big Two" structure dominated by prosociality and industriousness.
AMPD & Clinical Implications
- The FFM and AMPD are considered potentially better for treatment than the categorical model, offering greater clinical precision.
- The AMPD emphasizes that personality disorders are maladaptive versions of the "Big Five."
- The AMPD framework suggests different therapeutic goals for different personality trait domains, such as:
- Extraversion and Agreeableness: Interpersonal goals
- Neuroticism: Emotional stability goals
- Conscientiousness: Work-related goals
- Openness: Cognitive goals
AMPD Evaluation
- The AMPD aligns with meaningful clinical correlates, supporting its potential for clinical application.
- Current research into FFM and AMPD continues to refine and develop the model.
- It remains a promising alternative for characterizing personality disorders and informing treatment approaches.
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