Personality Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is required to diagnose a personality disorder according to the DSM-5 alternative model?

  • No relationship issues
  • Significant pathological personality traits (correct)
  • Extreme impairment in personality functioning
  • At least moderate impairment in functioning (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a pathological personality trait according to the DSM-5 alternative model?

  • Detachment
  • Empathy (correct)
  • Compulsiveness
  • Negative affectivity

What distinguishes the personality disorder - trait specified diagnosis?

  • Only extreme impairment occurs
  • No pathological traits are present
  • No specific disorder criteria are met (correct)
  • Presence of two specific disorders

Individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) typically exhibit which of the following traits?

<p>Emotional detachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the steps involved in diagnosing a personality disorder in the DSM-5's alternative model?

<p>Determine the level of identity and relationship impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key feature do the six specific personality disorders in the alternative model share?

<p>They have distinct diagnostic criteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the DSM-5 alternative model classify personality disorders?

<p>Hybrid of categorical and dimensional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge in treating patients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Their emotional detachment and negative reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of grandiose narcissism?

<p>Engaging in grandiose fantasies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might indicate a vulnerable narcissist?

<p>Claiming overqualification after rejection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does NPD commonly affect the therapeutic process?

<p>Makes it difficult to form therapy alliances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Fear of social interactions only when they are certain of being liked (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality trait is shared by both types of narcissism?

<p>Interpersonal antagonism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which childhood experience is associated with the development of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

<p>Excessive parental affection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of narcissistic personality traits in therapy?

<p>Inability to recognize personal weaknesses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the emotional experience of someone with avoidant personality disorder?

<p>They experience intense fear of rejection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

<p>Entitlement and demanding behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic has the highest prevalence rate of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Young adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Narcissistic Personality Disorder commonly manifest in professional settings?

<p>Difficulty in teamwork due to arrogance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue often contributes to the development of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Childhood experiences with cold and rejecting parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference between Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>NPD individuals possess a sense of grandiosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mental health issues are often associated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

<p>Substance abuse and mood disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of strategies do individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder typically rely on to manage their emotions?

<p>Maladaptive strategies and domination of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder seek treatment?

<p>Because of trouble adjusting to life stressors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders

A model in the DSM-5 that views personality disorders as a spectrum of impairment, with a focus on both functioning and traits.

Impaired Personality Functioning

Difficulties in an individual's sense of self (identity) and/or their relationships with others.

Pathological Personality Traits

Negative personality characteristics that significantly impact a person's daily life, causing distress or dysfunction.

Personality Functioning Scale

A tool to measure an individual's level of impairment in personality functioning, ranging from minimal to severe.

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Pathological Personality Trait Examples

Traits such as negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism, when significant, can indicate a personality disorder.

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Personality Disorder - Trait Specified

When a DSM-5 personality disorder diagnosis is given, but the individual doesn't meet criteria for specific disorders like antisocial, avoidant, or borderline, etc.

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Difficulties Engaging NPD Patients in Treatment

Individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) often struggle with emotional detachment and can react negatively or try to manipulate others.

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Hybrid Model of PDs

The DSM-5's alternative model of personality disorders uses both categorical and dimensional aspects, making it a flexible and comprehensive approach.

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Grandiose Narcissism

A type of narcissism characterized by arrogance, grandiosity, manipulation, exploitation, envy, and aggression. These individuals have a strong sense of superiority and entitlement.

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Vulnerable Narcissism

A type of narcissism marked by sensitivity to rejection and criticism, intense shame, and a reliance on grandiose fantasies to cope with these feelings.

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. Individuals with this disorder often avoid social situations and are reluctant to take risks.

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Interpersonal Antagonism in Narcissism

This refers to a shared personality trait common to both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, characterized by hostility towards others and manipulation.

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External Attribution of Problems in NPD

The tendency for individuals with narcissistic personality disorder to view their problems as stemming from the fault of others, rather than taking personal responsibility.

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Cognitive Techniques in NPD Therapy

A therapeutic approach used to address narcissistic personality disorder that involves identifying and challenging distorted thought patterns and promoting more realistic self-perception.

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Therapist-Client Alliance in NPD

The lack of ability to develop a strong and trusting relationship with a therapist, often observed in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder.

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Drop-out Rate in NPD Therapy

A common outcome in NPD therapy where individuals discontinue treatment as soon as their immediate symptoms lessen.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

A personality disorder characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

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Entitled Demands and Exploitation in NPD

People with NPD often demand others to meet their wishes and may disregard or undervalue the needs of others. They can exploit others to gain power and often exhibit arrogant and condescending behavior.

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Lack of Abandonment Concerns in NPD

Although they crave admiration from others, they don't experience the same anxiety about abandonment as people with borderline personality disorder.

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Prevalence of NPD in Young Adults

NPD is more prevalent in young adults, possibly due to social and economic conditions that encourage self-centered individualism.

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Psychodynamic Perspective on NPD

Individuals with NPD often have difficulties with self-esteem and have difficulty managing emotional stress. They may rely on praise and domination of others to feel good about themselves.

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Co-occurring Conditions with NPD

NPD is often associated with substance abuse, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and higher rates of physical and sexual aggression, impulsivity, and suicidal thoughts.

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Childhood Experiences and NPD

Cold and rejecting parenting during childhood can contribute to the development of NPD by causing the child to develop a vulnerable self-esteem and a lack of empathy for others.

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Social Factors and NPD

NPD may be influenced by societal values that emphasize self-confidence and assertiveness. However, people with NPD may overestimate their abilities and make poor decisions, leading to failures and alienation from others.

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Study Notes

General Definition of Personality Disorders

  • Stable enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior
  • Emerge in adolescence or early adulthood
  • Deviate from cultural norms
  • Pervasive and inflexible across many life aspects
  • Cause distress or impairment
  • To diagnose someone under 18, patterns must be present for at least one year (except antisocial PD)

DSM-5 Personality Disorder Clusters

  • Cluster A (Odd-eccentric): Similar to schizophrenia spectrum
  • Cluster B (Dramatic-emotional): Manipulative, volatile, and uncaring behavior; impulsive, sometimes violent, disregard for self/others
  • Cluster C (Anxious-fearful): Extremely concerned about criticism or abandonment; dysfunctional relationships

Paranoid Personality Disorder

  • Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others
  • Believe others are trying to deceive or exploit them
  • Preoccupied with concerns about victimization
  • Hypervigilant for evidence confirming suspicions
  • Resistant to arguments against suspicions
  • May be secretive or withdraw to protect self, or become hostile/argumentative
  • Comorbidities: Major depression, anxiety, substance abuse, psychotic episodes
  • Heritability: Around 0.50
  • Cognitive theories: Believe others are malevolent, lack of self-confidence
  • Risk factors: Discrimination, prejudice, childhood trauma, low SES
  • Treatment is difficult; patients often seek treatment for other issues during a crisis; therapist needs to be calm, respectful, and straightforward

Schizoid Personality Disorder

  • Extreme detachment from social relationships
  • Disinterest in family, friendships, and sexual relationships
  • Emotionally detached; express no affection, indifferent to praise/criticism
  • View relationships as unrewarding, messy, and intrusive

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

  • Detachment from social relationships, plus
  • Extreme discomfort in relationships
  • Odd thinking and eccentric behaviors
  • Highly superstitious or fascinated with the paranormal
  • Bizarre perceptual experiences
  • Odd beliefs or magical thinking
  • Speech patterns may be circumstantial, vague, or overelaborate
  • Easily distracted, lost in thought or fantasy
  • Heritability (from twin studies): 0.81
  • Commonly comorbid with paranoid and avoidant PD
  • Associated with higher dopamine levels in some brain areas (less severe than schizophrenia)
  • More frequent history of childhood adversities

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • Extreme instability in self-image and relationships
  • Extreme impulsivity
  • Intense, unstable love/hate relationships
  • Preoccupation with abandonment
  • Impulsive behaviors (drug abuse, binging, self-harming)
  • Mood swings, lack of personal identity or purpose
  • Dissociative states; feelings of unreality or losing track of time
  • Misinterpret everyday actions as abandonment or rejection

Histrionic Personality Disorder

  • Exaggerated display of emotions; excessive attention-seeking
  • Intense need to be the center of attention
  • Uncomfortable when not the center of attention
  • Use of physical appearance to draw attention
  • Dramatic and exaggerated display of emotions
  • Shallow and volatile emotions
  • Easily influenced by others; consider casual acquaintances close relationships

Antisocial Personality Disorder

  • Disregard and violation of others' rights
  • Deceitful, exploiting others for personal gain
  • Aggressive, irresponsible, impulsive, and reckless
  • Feel no remorse for harm caused to others

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

  • Consider themselves superior; deserve admiration
  • Entitled to special treatment
  • Shallow emotional expressions in relationships
  • Lack of concern for others' needs
  • Exploit others, arrogant & condescending
  • Experience high rates of substance abuse and mood/anxiety disorders

Avoidant Personality Disorder

  • Social inhibition, shyness, feelings of inadequacy, and oversensitivity to negative evaluation
  • Strong fears of criticism, disapproval, and rejection; highly restricted social interaction.
  • Unwilling to participate socially unless certain of being liked.
  • Avoid work activities involving interpersonal contact

Dependent Personality Disorder

  • Excessive need to be taken care of
  • Submissive, clinging behavior; fear of separation
  • Need others to make everyday decisions; lack confidence to undertake projects independently
  • Willing to sacrifice to maintain others’ support/nurturance
  • Unable to take care of self when alone

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

  • Preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control
  • Preoccupation with details; difficulty with completing tasks
  • Difficulty delegating tasks
  • Focus on work above relationships
  • Stubborn and inflexible; may hoard money or objects

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