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Questions and Answers
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
What is the lexical hypothesis?
What is the lexical hypothesis?
What is one of the criteria for identifying important traits according to the lexical approach?
What is one of the criteria for identifying important traits according to the lexical approach?
According to Gordon Allport, what guides human behavior?
According to Gordon Allport, what guides human behavior?
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What does the term 'psychophysical' mean in the context of personality?
What does the term 'psychophysical' mean in the context of personality?
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Who improved the work of Allport?
Who improved the work of Allport?
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What did Cattell propose?
What did Cattell propose?
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What is the nature of personality according to Allport?
What is the nature of personality according to Allport?
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Which approach was used to identify nearly 18,000 trait terms in the English dictionary?
Which approach was used to identify nearly 18,000 trait terms in the English dictionary?
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How many clusters of personality traits did Cattell end up with?
How many clusters of personality traits did Cattell end up with?
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What is the main trait that includes being anxious, guilty, and lacking self-esteem?
What is the main trait that includes being anxious, guilty, and lacking self-esteem?
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Who discovered a five-factor solution through factor analysis?
Who discovered a five-factor solution through factor analysis?
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What is the typical behavior of someone who scores high on neuroticism?
What is the typical behavior of someone who scores high on neuroticism?
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What is the main trait that includes being aggressive, egocentric, and creative?
What is the main trait that includes being aggressive, egocentric, and creative?
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What is the characteristic of someone who scores low on neuroticism?
What is the characteristic of someone who scores low on neuroticism?
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Who developed the hierarchical model of personality with three main traits?
Who developed the hierarchical model of personality with three main traits?
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Study Notes
Personality Disorders
- The 10 personality disorders are categorized into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive).
The Lexical Approach
- The lexical hypothesis states that all important individual differences are already encoded within the language.
- The approach yields two criteria for identifying important traits: synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality.
- Synonym frequency refers to the presence of many words to describe a trait, such as dominant, bossy, assertive, and powerful.
- Cross-cultural universality refers to the existence of a term for an important individual difference in multiple languages.
Gordon Allport's Personal Approach
- According to Allport, we are not prisoners of childhood conflicts and past experiences, but are guided more by the present and our view of the future.
- Personality is the dynamic organization of psychological systems, meaning it is constantly changing and growing.
- Personality is psychophysical, meaning it is composed of both mind and body functioning together as a unit.
Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
- Cattell's work improved upon Allport's by identifying a continuum of personality traits, where each person contains all 16 traits to a certain degree.
- The 16 traits were derived from the lexical approach, which started with Allport and Odbert's identification of 18,000 trait terms.
The Five-Factor Model
- The five-factor model was originally based on a combination of the lexical and statistical approaches.
- The lexical approach was used to identify 171 clusters of personality traits, which were then reduced to five factors through factor analysis.
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality
- The three main traits identified by Eysenck are extraversion–introversion (E), neuroticism–emotional stability (N), and psychoticism (P).
- Each trait sits at the top of its own hierarchy, with narrower traits branching out from them.
- Neuroticism (N) consists of traits such as anxious, guilty, lacking self-esteem, tense, and shy, and is characterized by emotional instability.
- Psychoticism (P) consists of traits such as aggressive, egocentric, creative, impulsive, lacking empathy, and antisocial.
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Description
This quiz covers the 10 personality disorders, including Cluster A, B, and C personalities, as well as the lexical hypothesis, which suggests that individual differences are encoded in language.
