Personality Assessment Overview
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of WEIRD research?

  • Participants are often drawn from highly educated populations.
  • Participants are typically from industrialized nations.
  • Participants are often from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. (correct)
  • The majority of participants are from Western countries.

    • What is the primary goal of a meta-analysis?

  • To predict the outcome of a future study.
  • To determine the reliability of a research instrument.
  • To synthesize findings from multiple studies on a particular topic. (correct)
  • To identify potential ethical concerns in a research study.

    • A study examining the relationship between income and happiness using data collected at a single point in time would be considered a:

  • Quasi-experiment.
  • True experiment.
  • Correlational study. (correct)
  • Case study.

    • Which research method involves an in-depth examination of a single individual's life experiences?

    <p>Case study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of replication in research?

    <p>To confirm the findings of a previous study across different populations or contexts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods used in personality research uses publicly available information to study a person's personality?

    <p>Life-outcome data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following early attempts to study personality was discredited as pseudoscience?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of personality research focuses on describing and quantifying specific personality traits?

    <p>Descriptive research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common concern associated with personality assessment methods?

    <p>Objectivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality assessment methods involves placing individuals in controlled situations to observe their behavior?

    <p>Test data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of explanatory research in personality studies?

    <p>To study the relationship between personality traits and other factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of 'physiognomy' as a method for studying personality?

    <p>It examines facial features and body resemblance to animals to deduce personality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a limitation of self-report surveys?

    <p>Surveys are expensive to administer and collect data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the descriptive summary of behavior approach to understanding traits?

    <p>Observing and quantifying patterns of behavior to define traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the lexical hypothesis, what is the primary factor that drives the development of trait terms in language?

    <p>The importance of communication and social interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is used in the act frequency approach for measuring traits?

    <p>Counting the occurrences of specific behaviors in a given context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a trait accounting for a large degree of variation in a population?

    <p>It suggests that the trait is a stronger predictor of individual differences in important outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the internal causal property view of traits?

    <p>Traits are internal qualities that influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the lexical approach, why is synonym frequency considered important for identifying important traits?

    <p>It demonstrates that the trait is more likely to be associated with significant individual differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common misconception about the concept of traits?

    <p>Traits are primarily determined by environmental influences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NEO-FFI inventory is developed based on which view of traits?

    <p>The internal causal property view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is characterized by being cunning, deceptive, and manipulative for self-interest?

    <p>Machiavellianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does subclinical psychopathy primarily involve?

    <p>High impulsivity and low empathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dispositional sadism is best explained as a tendency to:

    <p>Gain enjoyment from hurting others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is a part of Kaufman's proposed light triad?

    <p>Faith in humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The traits associated with Machiavellianism, narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, and dispositional sadism are primarily:

    <p>Socially aversive traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high Behavioral Activation System (BAS) indicate about an individual?

    <p>They are likely to exhibit novelty seeking and positive emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily involved in mediating the emotion of fear?

    <p>Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two resources are defined in the context of social exchanges?

    <p>Love and status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the framework of agency and communion, what does agency primarily relate to?

    <p>Competence and assertiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Interpersonal Circumplex, which trait is likely to be a defining characteristic of leaders?

    <p>Balance of agency and communion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with a high Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?

    <p>Fearfulness and risk aversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Five Factor Model (Big Five)?

    <p>Taxonomy of personality traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is considered part of the 'dark triad' personality traits?

    <p>Narcissism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the statistical approach in personality research?

    <p>To organize personality items based on their covariance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criteria for personality traits in Eysenck's hierarchical model?

    <p>Must be heritable and have a psychophysiological foundation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models is considered part of trait taxonomies?

    <p>Hans Eysenck's hierarchical model of personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does factor analysis help identify in personality research?

    <p>A group of items that covary together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which aspect does the theoretical approach to personality differ from the statistical approach?

    <p>It begins with a theoretical framework. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the broad traits proposed by Eysenck?

    <p>Openness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main traits does the five-factor model of personality consist of?

    <p>Five (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of Gray's hypothesized biological systems related to personality?

    <p>System responsive to reward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Personality Assessment

    The evaluation of individual personality traits and characteristics.

    Early Attempts at Personality Assessment

    Historical methods like astrology and physiognomy that aimed to describe personality.

    Four Temperaments

    A theory by Hippocrates categorizing personalities into four types based on bodily fluids.

    Physiognomy

    The study of facial features to determine personality, seen as a pseudoscience.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Phrenology

    The belief that skull shape could reveal psychological traits, popular in the 19th century.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Descriptive Research

    Research aimed at describing personality traits, such as levels of extraversion.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Self-Report Surveys (s-data)

    Surveys where individuals report their own traits, often biased towards desirability.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Observer-Reports (o-data)

    Information provided by others about an individual’s personality, like parents or peers.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    True Experiments

    Research methods involving manipulation of variables and random assignment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Quasi Experiments

    Research methods that lack full randomization but still analyze groups.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Replication

    Repeating a study in different contexts to validate findings.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Meta-Analysis

    Combining data from multiple studies to assess overall trends.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    WEIRD Research

    Studies predominantly conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic samples.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Trait

    Basic building blocks of personality that influence behavior.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Internal Causal Properties

    Qualities that cause effects on emotions, motives, thoughts, and behavior.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Descriptive Summaries of Behavior

    Focuses on observable behaviors without assuming internal traits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Act Frequency Approach

    Counts behaviors to measure a trait rather than assessing feelings.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Conscientiousness

    A trait that helps explain variance in academic performance, like GPA.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lexical Approach

    Hypothesis that important traits are encoded in language over time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Synonym Frequency

    A criterion to identify important traits based on the number of words available.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lexical Hypothesis

    The idea that significant individual differences are found in language.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Machiavellianism

    A tendency to be cunning, deceptive, and manipulative for self-interest.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Narcissism

    Involves grandiosity, entitlement, and excessive attention-seeking behavior.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Subclinical Psychopathy

    High impulsivity, low empathy, and callous social attitudes; selfish, antisocial behavior.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dispositional Sadism

    Enjoying the suffering of others, directly or vicariously.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Light Triad

    Traits promoting kindness: Kantianism, Humanism, and Faith in Humanity.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cross-Cultural Universality

    The concept that people across cultures have words to describe similar traits or concepts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Statistical Approach

    A method that uses large, diverse personality data to organize traits through statistical techniques.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Factor Analysis

    A statistical method that identifies groups of items that correlate but differ from other groups.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Theoretical Approach

    A method that relies on theoretical frameworks to determine important personality traits to study.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model

    A model proposing three broad traits: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, each with narrow traits.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

    A model of personality based on two systems in the brain related to reward and punishment responses.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Big Five Personality Traits

    A popular model categorizing personality into five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    HEXACO Model of Personality

    A model that expands on the Big Five by including a sixth trait: honesty-humility.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

    A brain system that responds to rewards, motivating approach behaviors and linked to novelty seeking and positive emotions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)

    A brain system that reacts to negative stimuli, mediating fear and avoidance behaviors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

    A brain system that resolves goal conflict, leading to anxiety and risk assessment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Agency

    The dimension of personality involving assertiveness and control, related to social power.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Communion

    The dimension of personality that relates to warmth and social relationships, getting along with others.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Interpersonal Circumplex

    A model that categorizes personality traits based on two dimensions: love and status in social interactions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dark Triad

    A group of three personality traits: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, associated with manipulative and arrogant behaviors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Five Factor Model (Big Five)

    A leading taxonomy of personality consisting of five dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Getting Organized and Classified

    • Overarching Questions:
      • How do we study personality?
      • What are the most important traits that make up human personality?

    Personality Assessment

    • Early Attempts:

      • Astrology: A pseudoscience.
      • Four Temperaments (Hippocrates): Four bodily fluids (humours) corresponded to personality types.
      • Physiognomy (Middle Ages): Physical features, particularly facial resemblance to animals, determined personality. This was pseudoscientific.
      • Phrenology (19th Century): Studying skull contours to determine personality. Also pseudoscientific.
      • Myers-Briggs: Considered a failed attempt at personality assessment.

    • Personality Assessment Today:

      • Descriptive Research: Used to describe personality traits, e.g., extraversion levels.

    • Data Types:

      • Self-report (S-data): Surveys, subject to bias.
      • Observer-report (O-data): Information provided by others (e.g., parents about a child).
      • Test data (T-data): Standardized situations (e.g., IQ tests) to assess reactions.
      • Life-outcome data (L-data): Publicly available information (employment, etc.).

    • Explanatory Research: Investigating relationships between personality traits and other phenomena. This often builds on descriptive research findings. Methods can include experimental methods as well as correlational studies. This includes experimental vs. quasi experimental studies.

    • Replication and Meta-Analysis:

      • Replication: Repeating a study to confirm findings.
      • Meta-Analysis: Combining data from multiple studies to get a statistical overview of an analysis.

    WEIRD Research

    • Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Most psychological research is done with WEIRD-country samples which raises concerns for generalizability. For example, samples come primarily from the U.S and other countries in this demographic cluster.

    • Case Studies: In-depth examination of one person's life. Can be used for descriptive or exploratory purposes.

    What are Traits?

    • Traits: Basic building blocks of personality. Universal aspects of how people differ. Most adjectives describing people could be considered traits.
    • Traits can be viewed as internal causal properties (they cause behavior differences) or as descriptive summaries of behavior patterns.

    What Traits are Most Important?

    • More important traits account for more population variance (e.g., conscientiousness and GPA).

    Lexical Approach

    • Lexical Hypothesis: Important individual differences are encoded in language over time.
    • Criteria for identifying important traits:
      • Synonym Frequency: Multiple words for a trait.
      • Cross-Cultural Universality: Traits present in various cultures.

    Statistical Approach

    • Factor Analysis: Identifies groups of related items in personality surveys to establish broader personality traits.

    Theoretical Approach

    • Theoretical frameworks guide the study of personality traits.
    • Results in multi-faceted approaches, involving various stages of statistical analysis.

    Trait Taxonomies

    • Eysenck's Model: Hierarchical model of personality, including extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
    • Wiggins' Circumplex: Highlights traits relevant in social exchanges (love vs. status).
    • Big Five Model (Five-Factor Model): Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience.
    • HEXACO Model: Adds Honesty-Humility as a sixth factor.
    • Hierarchical Model of Personality: Personality is organized hierarchically with broad traits, narrow traits, and behaviors. This is a commonly used organizational principle for personality theories

    Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

    • A model of personality involving two biological brain systems: reward-seeking and punishment-avoiding systems.

    The Interpersonal Circumplex

    • Interested in traits in social exchanges, categorizing traits based on love (emotional component and communication) and status (social component and agency).

    Five Factor Model

    • Extraversion vs. Introversion
    • Agreeableness vs. Antagonism
    • Conscientiousness vs. Impulsivity
    • Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability
    • Openness to Experience vs. Closedness to Experience

    Dark Personality Traits

    • Machiavellianism: Cunning, deceptive, manipulative, and exploitive.
    • Narcissism: Grandiosity, entitlement, superiority, and excessive attention-seeking.
    • Subclinical Psychopathy: Impulsivity, low empathy, anxiety, and callous attitudes.
    • Dispositional Sadism: Gaining enjoyment from hurting others.

    Light Triad

    • Proposed by Kaufman, possibly indicating positive traits, opposite of dark triad. Examples included are Kantianism, humanism, and faith in humanity.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    2: Getting Organized and Classified PDF

    Description

    Explore the various methods of personality assessment, from early attempts like astrology and phrenology to modern descriptive research. Learn about the significance of different traits that make up human personality and the types of data used in personality psychology. This quiz covers key concepts and historical approaches to understanding personality.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser