22 Questions
What is the term for when one trait of a person is used to make an overall judgment of that person?
Halo effect
Which approach focuses on the conscious experiences of individuals?
Humanistic Approach
What is the name of the model that categorizes personality into five broad dimensions?
Five-Factor Model
Which approach is associated with the idea that behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts?
Psychodynamic Approach
What is the term for the tendency to avoid extreme positions on a scale?
Middle category bias
Which approach is focused on the study of personality through behavioral analysis?
Behavioural Approach
What is the primary goal of personality assessment?
To understand human behavior with maximum accuracy
What type of stimulus is used in projective techniques?
Less structured or unstructured
What is the name of the test that uses incomplete sentences?
Sentence Completion Test
What is the purpose of the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
To assess unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts
What is unique about the design of the inkblots in the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
They are symmetrical in design
What is the name of the test that uses 30 black and white picture cards and one blank card?
Thematic Apperception Test
What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test?
To assess unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts
What is the name of the study that assesses how people express aggression in the face of a frustrating situation?
Rosenzweig’s Picture-Frustration Study
What type of interview is used by industrial psychologists to select employees for a job?
Structured interview
Which type of observation is employed by clinical psychologists and counsellors?
Unstructured interview
What is the purpose of nomination in behavioural analysis?
To assess personality traits
What type of test provides information about how a person behaves under stressful situations?
Situational tests
Who is typically asked to provide ratings in behavioural ratings?
People who know the subject intimately
What is the main limitation of observation as a method of behavioural analysis?
It requires a trained observer
What is the primary purpose of using structured interviews in industrial settings?
To select employees for a job
Which method of behavioural analysis involves asking individuals to select others with whom they would like to work or engage in activities?
Nomination
Study Notes
Personality Assessment
- Goal: to understand, modify, and predict human behavior with minimum error and maximum accuracy
- Involves formal ways of understanding human behavior
Projective Techniques
- Developed to assess unconscious motives, feelings, and conflicts
- Use less structured or unstructured stimuli to allow individuals to project their feelings, desires, and needs
- Interpretations require qualitative analysis and rigorous training
- Examples:
- Rorschach Inkblot Test: uses 10 symmetrical inkblots to assess unconscious motives and feelings
- Sentence Completion Test: uses incomplete sentences to assess an individual's thoughts and feelings
- Draw-a-Person Test: uses drawings to assess an individual's personality and emotional functioning
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): uses 30 black and white picture cards to assess an individual's motivations and conflicts
- Rosenzweig's Picture-Frustration Study (P-F Study): uses pictures to assess how individuals express aggression in frustrating situations
Limitations of Projective Techniques
- Halo effect: when one trait influences overall judgment
- Middle category bias: raters tend to place individuals in the middle of the scale
- Extreme response bias: raters tend to place individuals in extreme categories
Behavioral Analysis
- Techniques: Interview, Observation, Ratings, Nomination, and Situational Tests
- Provide information about an individual's personality in various situations
- Examples:
- Interview: structured or unstructured, used to collect information about an individual's personality
- Observation: naturalistic, laboratory, participant, or non-participant, used to observe behavior in various settings
- Nomination: reveals an individual's preferences and personality traits
- Situational Tests: assesses behavior under stressful situations
- Behavioral Ratings: used in educational and industrial settings to assess personality traits
Assessing human behavior through formal methods, understanding human personality, and projective techniques to uncover unconscious motives and feelings.
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