Perming Basics and Techniques

Questions and Answers

The physical and chemical process of making straight hair curly is called?

perming

The main ingredient found in an acid wave is?

glycerol monothioglycolate

Thioglycolic acid and ammonia are used to formulate?

alkaline wave solution

The chemical phase of perm involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. applying neutralizer b. applying perm solution c. wrapping hair around perm tool d. rinsing the perm solution from the hair. Which one is EXCEPT?

c. wrapping hair around the perm tool Signup and view all the answers

The two basic methods of wrapping hair around a tool are?

croquignole and spiral Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses one end paper folded in half?

bookend Signup and view all the answers

What type of rods produce curls or waves that are uniform throughout the hair strand?

straight Signup and view all the answers

Large diameter rods DO NOT produce which of the following results?

firm curls Signup and view all the answers

The base is the area between two?

partings Signup and view all the answers

Water left in the end papers after rinsing solution will?

dilute the neutralizer and weaken the curl formation Signup and view all the answers

The four basic tool positions are on base, half-off base, underdirected and?

off base Signup and view all the answers

With an underdirected tool position, the base size is at least how many times the diameter of the tool?

1 1/2 Signup and view all the answers

The rectangle wrap is also called?

9-block pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns positions tools is a staggered configuration?

bricklay Signup and view all the answers

The drop crown wrap is also known as?

perimeter perm Signup and view all the answers

Strong disulfide bonds are found in which layer of the hair?

cortex Signup and view all the answers

Disulfide bond aka?

S-S bonds Signup and view all the answers

What element do most acid waves use along with tension and waving lotion to process hair?

heat Signup and view all the answers

What form does a positive test curl take during processing?

an S pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which waving solution is not recommended for porous or damaged hair?

alkaline Signup and view all the answers

Alkaline waves carry a pH of?

8.0 to 9.5 Signup and view all the answers

Neutralizer pH ranges from?

2.5 to 7.0 Signup and view all the answers

What product rebonds and restores the disulfide bonds?

neutralizer Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate or sodium bromate are commonly used in?

neutralizers Signup and view all the answers

Which waving solution processes without heat?

alkaline Signup and view all the answers

Potassium is not found in?

neutralizers Signup and view all the answers

Hair should be wrapped without tension when using?

alkaline waves Signup and view all the answers

It is essential to completely rinse the perm solution before applying the?

neutralizer Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH balance of 6.9 to 7.2?

acid Signup and view all the answers

Which waving solution processes the fastest because of a high pH?

alkaline Signup and view all the answers

Which waving solution causes minimal swelling and should be wrapped with firm and even tension?

acid Signup and view all the answers

Leaving on neutralizer too long will?

cause damage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of waving solution is recommended for color-treated, highly porous or previously permed hair?

acid Signup and view all the answers

The ability for hair to absorb moisture is called?

porosity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is not true about acid perms?

better use on resistant hair Signup and view all the answers

The hair's ability to stretch and return to its original shape is called?

elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Fine, medium or coarse is?

hair texture Signup and view all the answers

The number of hair fibers per square inch of the scalp is called?

density Signup and view all the answers

What product is applied to the client's skin before a perm to protect the skin?

protective cream Signup and view all the answers

What items determine the size and shape of the new curl configuration?

perm rod Signup and view all the answers

If abrasion is present on the scalp?

do not proceed Signup and view all the answers

Proper draping procedures involve all of the following except?

placing cape between client and chair back Signup and view all the answers

Preliminary test curl helps to determine how a client's hair will react to a perm.

true Signup and view all the answers

This perm wrap pattern helps to avoid split ends?

bricklay Signup and view all the answers

Used on medium to long hair to achieve elongated curls?

spiral bricklay Signup and view all the answers

Weak or limp curls can be caused by?

under processing Signup and view all the answers

Frizzy curls can result from?

over processing Signup and view all the answers

Hair wound on the rods with too much tension can cause?

breakage Signup and view all the answers

When performing an alkaline wave on a client, thioglycolate is joined with what ingredient to create a waving solution?

ammonia Signup and view all the answers

To produce large curls, wave formations or body waves it is necessary to use?

large diameter rods Signup and view all the answers

With concave rods, the hair on both ends must travel farther than the hair in the center to make one complete turn around the rod, creating a?

wider and more spiraling pattern on the ends Signup and view all the answers

In the perm procedure, proper end paper techniques will eliminate crimps or?

fishhooks on the ends of the hair Signup and view all the answers

The size of the base and the angle at which the hair is held while wrapping determines the tool position or?

base control Signup and view all the answers

To create more volume, which tool position should be used?

on base Signup and view all the answers

On base control is not recommended for alkaline perms since expansion would be limited at the base and?

tension may cause breakage Signup and view all the answers

Which tool position results in no curl at the scalp and a minimal degree of volume?

off base Signup and view all the answers

Partial perms are designed to?

position new texture only where it is desired Signup and view all the answers

In alkaline waves, the perm solution chemically softens and breaks the?

strong disulfide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Skipping rods when applying perm solution could cause?

inconsistent curl formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps may be required when perming resistant hair?

longer processing time Signup and view all the answers

A neutralizer's rebonds, restores and?

reduces swelling caused by the alkalinity Signup and view all the answers

The high alkalinity in cold waves causes the hair fiber to soften and?

swell Signup and view all the answers

Alkaline perms produce faster processing times and?

stronger curls Signup and view all the answers

The more porous the hair?

the less resistant it is to absorbing perm solution Signup and view all the answers

To equalize the porosity of highly porous hair, it may be necessary to use what product?

prewrap products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could describe what determines the processing time and proper perm solution?

the texture, elasticity, and porosity of the client's hair Signup and view all the answers

Hair density does not always match?

texture Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient in color products could cause uneven curls, discoloration, and hair breakage?

metallic salts Signup and view all the answers

When performing a metallic test, immerse at least 20 strands of hair in the prepared mixture for?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Prior to performing a preliminary test curl, hair should be shampooed and?

gently towel-dried Signup and view all the answers

After completing a service, it is important to update the client's?

record card Signup and view all the answers

Sodium hydroxide is aka?

lye relaxers Signup and view all the answers

A sodium hydroxide relaxer service should not be completed on?

hair that has been bleached Signup and view all the answers

If the hair has previously had ammonium thioglycolate, you should not apply?

sodium hydroxide products Signup and view all the answers

Pull test is used on?

elasticity check Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of a tightly curled follicle?

elliptical Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum percent of natural curl pattern to remove when relaxing?

85% Signup and view all the answers

The three methods of applying relaxers are brush, comb, and?

fingers Signup and view all the answers

How far away from the scalp should a virgin relaxer be applied?

1/4 to 1/2 away from the scalp Signup and view all the answers

An acid-balanced neutralizing shampoo or stabilizer is used after the hair is free of chemicals to?

re-harden the hair Signup and view all the answers

What does the porosity of the hair affect when working with a chemical relaxer?

processing time Signup and view all the answers

What is used to protect the scalp from caustic chemicals?

protective base cream Signup and view all the answers

Virgin thio relaxers may be performed after a?

light shampoo Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ingredient found in rearrangers?

ammonium thioglycolate Signup and view all the answers

During a curl reformation, what size parting should be used?

thinner than normal Signup and view all the answers

When performing a curl reformation service, the rod diameter chosen should be at least?

2 times larger than the diameter of the natural curl pattern Signup and view all the answers

Chemical rearrangers should not be applied to?

super fine hair Signup and view all the answers

Once the hair is completely wrapped during a curl reformation service, what is applied to ensure thorough saturation of the waving lotion?

additional booster Signup and view all the answers

The function of a curl activator is to provide moisture and?

help retain shape of a new curl Signup and view all the answers

Why should brushing the hair before any chemical services be avoided?

to reduce scalp irritation Signup and view all the answers

If curl reforming is desired, cut off all hair previously treated with?

sodium hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Perming Basics

Perming is the process of transforming straight hair into curly hair through physical and chemical means.
The primary ingredient in acid waves is glycerol monothioglycolate, while alkaline waves use thioglycolic acid and ammonia in their formulation.

Perming Process

Key steps in the chemical phase of perming exclude wrapping hair around the perm tool.
Neutralizer is critical in the process, as it rebonds disulfide bonds and restores curl shape.

Wrapping Techniques

Two main wrapping techniques are croquignole and spiral.
Bookend technique uses a single end paper folded in half; bricklay pattern helps avoid split ends.
The rectangle wrap is also known as the 9-block pattern.

Curl Formation

Straight rods yield uniform curls, while large diameter rods do not produce firm curls.
To create large curls or body waves, large diameter rods are necessary.

pH Levels and Solutions

Alkaline waves have a pH of 8.0 to 9.5 and are not recommended for porous or damaged hair.
Acid waves have a pH range of 6.9 to 7.2 and are suitable for color-treated or porous hair.
Neutralizers typically range in pH from 2.5 to 7.0.

Hair Characteristics

Hair's porosity affects its ability to absorb moisture and chemical agents.
Density refers to the number of hair fibers per square inch of the scalp.
Texture refers to the width of individual hair strands: fine, medium, or coarse.

Chemical Reactions

Alkaline waves process without heat and create stronger curls, while acid waves require heat for processing.
Over-processing can lead to frizzy curls, while under-processing can result in weak or limp curls.

Safety Precautions

Avoid performing a perm on clients with scalp abrasions or who have previously used sodium hydroxide relaxers if they had ammonium thioglycolate.
Use protective cream on the scalp before applying perm solutions to prevent irritation.

Testing and Processing

A pull test assesses hair elasticity; a preliminary test curl helps determine the hair's reaction to perming.
For resistant hair, longer processing times may be necessary.

Post-service Care

Update client records after each service to keep track of treatment history and outcomes.
Use acid-balanced neutralizing shampoos post-chemical treatments to re-harden hair.

Relaxing and Curl Reforming

Sodium hydroxide relaxers (lye relaxers) should not be used on bleached hair.
During curl reformation, the rod diameter chosen should be at least twice the size of the natural curl for optimal results.
Curl activators provide moisture and help maintain the shape of newly formed curls.

Additional Tips

Brushing hair before chemical services should be avoided to minimize irritation.
Decorative curls can be achieved through proper rod size and wrapping techniques, ensuring the hair is evenly saturated during the process.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of perming, including the chemical processes involved and various wrapping techniques. Explore the pH levels and the types of curls produced by different rods to enhance your understanding of hair styling. Test your knowledge on the essential aspects of achieving beautiful curls.