33 Questions
How is a definitive diagnosis of hypertension typically made?
Multiple elevated blood pressure readings over time
When should surgery be generally delayed for further cardiac evaluation based on blood pressure levels?
For marked hypertension (systolic > 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic > 110 mm Hg)
What additional considerations are important for patients with long-standing and/or poorly controlled hypertension?
Taking into account vasculopathy and end-organ function
Which condition can be suspected if a patient presents with symptoms like flushing and sweating?
Pheochromocytoma
What is the normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) value?
Below 15 mm Hg
Which group of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) includes idiopathic cases with no identifiable risk factors?
Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
What is the typical presentation of pericarditis following a myocardial infarction (MI)?
Acute presentation 1-3 days after transmural MI
What are the two main forms of relapsing pericarditis?
Incessant and intermittent
What is the typical treatment for acute pericarditis?
Salicylates, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids
When does a pericardial effusion result in cardiac tamponade?
When the pressure in the pericardial space interferes with cardiac filling
What is the normal range for the amount of fluid in the pericardial space?
15-50 ml
Which of the following is a risk factor for hypotension during surgery in hypertensive patients?
Decreased cerebral autoregulation
What is the recommended approach for antihypertensive medications on the day of surgery?
Take antihypertensive medications as usual
Which class of antihypertensive drugs should be continued without interruption, according to the text?
Beta Blockers
What is a potential concern with discontinuing diuretics on the day of surgery?
Electrolyte imbalance
According to the table, which group had the lowest incidence of perioperative hypertensive episodes?
Normotensive
What is the main goal during the maintenance phase of anesthesia for a patient with hypertension?
Minimize wide swings in blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to postoperative hypertension?
Intraoperative hypotension
What is the definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?
Mean PA pressure > 25 mmHg at rest
What is not a characteristic of constrictive pericarditis?
Increased ventricular preload
What is the primary goal of anesthetic management in patients with constrictive pericarditis?
Maintain heart rate, contractility, and venous return
What is the primary mechanism of commotio cordis?
Ventricular fibrillation
What is the primary factor contributing to essential hypertension?
All of the above contribute to essential hypertension
Which of the following is a key consideration in the anesthetic management of cardiac contusion?
Avoid hypotension
What is the primary treatment for commotio cordis?
Defibrillation
What is the recommended treatment goal for blood pressure in patients with coexisting diseases?
Less than 130/80 mmHg
What is the definition of resistant hypertension?
Uncontrolled hypertension despite three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a risk factor for essential hypertension?
Hyperthyroidism
What was the finding of a study that looked at patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension who were 'taking' 3-5 antihypertensive drugs?
25% of patients had no detectable drug in their system
What is the recommended first approach for treating essential hypertension in patients without associated risk factors or evidence of end-organ damage?
Lifestyle modification
Stripping of the pericardium, which may be closely adherent to the myocardium, is the treatment for constrictive pericarditis.
True
Commotio cordis results from an unsynchronized impulse during ventricular repolarization, leading to ventricular fibrillation ($V_{Fib}$).
True
Pericardial laceration is commonly associated with rapid deceleration injuries to the chest wall.
True
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