Module 4 PP. Perioperative Crystalloids Quiz

<p>Minimizing preoperative fasting time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A moderately liberal overall positive fluid balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide fluid volume resuscitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their effect on the intracellular fluid compartment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D5W (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain similar electrolyte concentrations as the extracellular fluid, helping to restore balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the volume of distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypomagnesemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism (A), History of previous surgeries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive pressure mechanical ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved tissue perfusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves using dynamic parameters to guide fluid administration, like hemodynamic monitoring. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C and D, but not A and B. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive iron supplementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An antigen that triggers antibody formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo biochemical changes leading to fragility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient-specific (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient's preference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of transfusion-related acute lung injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased availability of iron for erythropoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis and destruction of red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>150,000 (C)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~325 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing ADP to activate platelets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>8 g/dL (B)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilutional coagulopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preserving clot formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1:1:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depletes serum free calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uterine atony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dedicated line or large-bore PIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove clots and aggregates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBCs are kept cold until the decision to transfuse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal saline or isotonic crystalloids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To treat or prevent bleeding by replacing volume and coagulation factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinogen (Factor I) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PLT count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunosuppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of viable white blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,000 – 50,000/microL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50,000 – 100,000/microL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume replacement for hemorrhagic shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Loss of blood that can lead to coagulopathy and shock.

A blood disorder affecting coagulation, often due to factors like hemodilution.

Excessive fluid volume in the body, risking reduced tissue perfusion.

Fluid administration aimed at achieving specific hemodynamic goals.

Swelling due to excess fluid in tissues, often caused by hypervolemia.

The amount of blood the heart pumps, critical for tissue perfusion.

Fluid losses through evaporation, often unnoticed during extended surgeries.

Delivering fluids via a vein to maintain hydration and blood pressure.

IV fluids with lower effective osmolality than blood, causing water to enter cells.

Administered for maintenance, treating water deficits, or drug delivery.

0.45% NaCl, 5% Dextrose in water, Plasma-Lyte 56.

IV fluids with greater effective osmolality than blood, causing water to leave cells.

Used to increase solute concentration or promote fluid movement.

Dextrose 5% in NS, 3-7.5% Saline.

Fluid replacement in fasting patients during surgery.

Achieve an overall positive fluid balance by end of surgery.

Anemia caused by a lack of essential nutrients like iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12.

Iron is absorbed from the diet in the small intestine and its absorption is enhanced by vitamin C.

About 80% of absorbed iron goes into bone marrow to form new red blood cells.

Iron deficiency can occur due to inadequate intake, increased requirements, or absorption issues.

A process where antibodies bind to antigens causing particles to clump together in blood transfusions.

As red blood cells age, biochemical changes occur that can impair circulation and increase transfusion risks.

Transfusion decisions depend on patient-specific hemoglobin levels and the need for increased oxygen carrying capacity.

An antigen that can cause an agglutination reaction when Rh-negative individuals are exposed to Rh-positive blood.

Iron supplements can rapidly increase erythrocyte production and hemoglobin concentration within days.

Anemia resulting from kidney issues that affect erythropoietin production, essential for red blood cell formation.

Serum magnesium below 1.2 mg/dL can cause major side effects, as magnesium stabilizes membranes.

Fluid solutions that contain water-soluble electrolytes and have low molecular weight molecules but lack proteins.

Classifies fluids by their osmolality—isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic effect on cell water movement.

Solutions with the same osmolality as plasma, which do not change cell volume.

Solutions with greater osmolality than plasma, causing cells to lose water.

Solutions with lower osmolality than plasma, causing cells to swell.

The difference between completely dissociated cations and anions in plasma, affecting pH levels.

Considers bicarb and albumin phosphates in addition to regular SID.

The distribution of isotonic crystalloids is influenced by factors like dehydration and surgical status.

Isotonic crystalloids are used to treat ECF deficits and administer various medications.

Adequate intravenous access is essential for blood transfusion; a large-bore PIV is preferred.

Used in blood transfusion to remove clots and aggregates; usually 170-260 micron filters are employed.

Red blood cells (RBC) must be kept cold until transfusion and can be warmed if previously thawed to avoid hypothermia.

Fluids like NS, plasma, or albumin are recommended for diluting blood during transfusion.

Plasma frozen within 8-24 hours of collection; can be used interchangeably with thawed plasma.

Used to replace volume & factors in massive transfusions or treat bleeding.

A derived product from thawed plasma rich in fibrinogen, factor VIII, and XIII; helps restore coagulation.

Platelets have an average lifespan of 8-12 days and are vital for hemostasis.

Each dose increases platelet count; administered to prevent bleeding in surgical patients.

Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury develops within 6 hours post-transfusion, symptoms include pulmonary edema.

Occurs when donated immune cells attack recipient's body; a concern in immunocompromised patients.

Volume overload from transfusion can lead to heart failure symptoms like dyspnea and tachycardia.

In surgical patients, a minimum platelet count of 50,000 – 100,000/microL is usually required.

Administer 1 unit of cryoprecipitate per 10 kg weight to restore fibrinogen levels.

The process of removing white blood cells from blood products to minimize reactions and risks.

Transfusion goal of 1 unit frozen plasma, thawed plasma, or platelet for every unit of packed RBCs.

Aim to correct clotting factor deficiencies with specific goals for PT, aPTT, and fibrinogen levels.

Medications that prevent the breakdown of clots during surgery or trauma.

Condition where clotting ability is reduced due to large fluid resuscitation diluting blood components.

Use of 1:1:1 ratio blood products to manage severe hemorrhage in trauma cases.

Excessive bleeding after childbirth, defined as >500 ml vaginal or >1000 ml C-section.

Antifibrinolytic agent used in PPH to help reduce bleeding.

Red blood cells play a critical role in maintaining hemostasis by releasing ADP to activate platelets.

Condition caused by citrate toxicity from blood products that can lower calcium levels, risking arrhythmias.