Preventing Perioperative Disease Transmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Asepsis?

  • Absence of pathogenic microorganisms (correct)
  • Microbe capable of causing disease
  • An object that harbors microorganisms
  • Presence of pathogenic microorganisms

    • What is a pathogen?

    Microbe capable of causing disease

    Define fomite.

    An inanimate object that harbors microorganisms

    What does bioburden refer to?

    <p>Number of microbes or organic debris with which an object is contaminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to be cross-contaminated?

    <p>Contamination of a person or object by another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define event-related sterility.

    <p>Sterility related to handling of an item rather than time elapsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sterile mean?

    <p>Free from all microorganisms, including spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spore?

    <p>Persistent form of certain types of bacteria that allows it to survive in adverse conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'Father of Bacteriology'?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical principle did Joseph Lister establish?

    <p>Principles of asepsis including use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Escherichia coli.

    <p>Pathogen if outside the intestine; common UTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Staphylococcus aureus known for?

    <p>Most common SSI pathogen, found commonly on skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus causes chronic disease without jaundice?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

    <p>Prion transferred via items contaminated with CNS tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Gram-negative rod found commonly in burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Clostridium perfringens cause?

    <p>Gas gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Transmissible airborne nuclei; identified via positive acid-fast stain and culture; maybe MDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Candida albicans.

    <p>Opportunistic fungus that affects the immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major impact of Helicobacter?

    <p>Causes ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does disinfection do?

    <p>Most common but not all microorganisms located on inanimate surfaces are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does antisepsis target?

    <p>Most but not all microorganisms located on inanimate surfaces, such as skin, are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sterilization achieve?

    <p>Destruction of all microorganisms, including spores, on inanimate surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does terminal cleaning take place?

    <p>End of the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'strike-through' describe in an aseptic context?

    <p>Soaking of moisture from an unsterile field to a sterile layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nosocomial refer to?

    <p>Any infection that develops while a patient is in the health care facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common nosocomial infections?

    <p>UTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What to do when a sterile metal double basin is opened and water droplets are inside?

    <p>Discard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When opening a sterile wrapper, which side should the unsterile person open first?

    <p>Side furthest (away) from them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inanimate objects that can be vectors for infections are called what?

    <p>Fomite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body's first line of defense against infection?

    <p>Handwashing, intact skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it permissible to cover a sterile table for later use?

    <p>Not permissible in any circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are infections most frequently spread?

    <p>Direct contact with an infected person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the surgical hand scrub?

    <p>Removing as many microorganisms as possible from hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is most commonly associated with surgical wound infection?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for methods used to prevent contamination of the sterile field?

    <p>Sterile technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do Escherichia coli normally reside in the body?

    <p>Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape do bacilli typically have?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is called the contamination of a person or object?

    <p>Cross-contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes bacteria that require oxygen to sustain life?

    <p>Aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instruments used on the skin should not be:

    <p>Reused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of a sterile, draped table is considered sterile?

    <p>Top only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once sterile drapes have been applied, they should not be:

    <p>Re-positioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be checked for integrity prior to opening sterile packages?

    <p>Integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sterile gown considered sterile?

    <p>From the waist to mid-chest and 2 inches above the elbows on the sleeves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the surgical team should only sit when the entire surgical procedure will be performed sitting down?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nonsterile person must maintain a minimum of how many inches from any sterile item, area, or field to prevent contamination?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When in doubt, what should you do?

    <p>Throw it out!</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device accomplishes steam or gas sterilization?

    <p>Autoclave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biological indicator?

    <p>Method for testing sterilization capability of a sterilizer; contains microorganisms that are killed when exposed to sterilization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bowie-Dick test?

    <p>Test for air entrapment in pre-vacuum steam sterilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cavitation?

    <p>Mechanical process used by ultrasonic cleaners to dislodge debris from instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chelation in instrument cleaning?

    <p>Cleaning method that uses binding ions in solution to prevent deposit on surgical instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical indicator used for?

    <p>Internal or external monitor that changes color when exposed to sterilization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define colonization in the context of microbiology.

    <p>Growth and collection of microbes into a group that lives in a particular area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does contaminated mean?

    <p>Soiled with gross debris or by the presence of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endoscope?

    <p>General term to describe various types of flexible or rigid scopes used to view the body's internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is immediate-use steam sterilization?

    <p>Process of quickly sterilizing unwrapped items using pre-vacuum or gravity steam sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does immersion refer to in cleaning?

    <p>Placing an item in a container so it is completely covered by a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integrity indicate?

    <p>Complete, with no breaks or tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is immediate-level disinfection?

    <p>Most microorganisms are killed except spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Julian date?

    <p>Calendar days that are sequentially numbered through the year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lumen refer to?

    <p>The opening in a tube or vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is permeability?

    <p>The condition of being permeable; capable of allowing the passage of fluids or substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sterile field?

    <p>Area of sterility maintained by the surgical team during a procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SSI stand for?

    <p>Infection of surgical wound acquired during course of surgical procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ultrasonic cleaner?

    <p>Machine used to remove minute organic particles and soil from instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common transmitted pathogen in the operating room is HIV.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial meningitis may be caused by aerobic gram-negative cocci called N. meningitides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin, hair, and nares of the operating room personnel are reservoirs of bacteria that may cause an SSI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection spread by contaminated instruments is an example of direct contact transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased age and obesity play a vital role in the risk of patients contracting an SSI.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semicritical items must be sterile and free from spores prior to use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contact time and the amount of bioburden on an item do not influence the efficiency of disinfectants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutaraldehyde requires a minimum exposure time of 20 minutes to disinfect an item.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instruments should always be soaked in saline to initiate the cleaning process prior to the end of the case.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ultrasonic cleaner uses the process of cavitation for cleaning instruments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is a UTI considered an SSI?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of UTI in hospitals?

    <p>Break in sterile technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What moral/ethical concept should you use to make the 'right' decision?

    <p>Surgical conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you make the wrong choice when caring for a patient (using a pack that has a hole in it), what could potentially happen?

    <p>SSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When opening an item, you notice a small hole in the wrapper. What is the correct decision to make?

    <p>Get a new pack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asepsis and Pathogens

    • Asepsis: Absence of pathogenic microorganisms, crucial for preventing infections during procedures.
    • Pathogen: Microbes capable of causing diseases, vital to identify for infection control.
    • Fomite: Inanimate objects that can harbor microorganisms, posing a contamination risk.

    Microbial Contamination and Control

    • Bioburden: Refers to the number of microbes or organic debris on an object; important to assess for sterilization.
    • Cross-contamination: Occurs when contamination spreads from one person or object to another, a key focus in infection prevention.

    Sterilization Concepts

    • Sterile: Describes items free from all microorganisms, including spores, necessary for safe surgical procedures.
    • Event-related sterility: Sterility depends on handling instead of elapsed time, emphasizing the importance of careful procedures.

    Key Microorganisms

    • Staphylococcus aureus: Most common pathogen associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) found on skin.
    • Escherichia coli: Can cause infections if outside the intestine; commonly associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs).
    • Candida albicans: Opportunistic fungus that poses risks to immunocompromised individuals.

    Infection Prevention Techniques

    • Disinfection: Most microorganisms on inanimate surfaces are destroyed but not all; necessary for cleaning tools and environments.
    • Antisepsis: Similar to disinfection but targets skin and mucous membranes, removing most pathogens.
    • Sterilization: Complete destruction of microorganisms, including spores, critical for surgical instruments.

    Surgical Protocols

    • Terminal cleaning: Performed at the end of the day to ensure all surfaces are sanitized.
    • Surgical hand scrub: Aims to remove as many microorganisms as possible from hands before surgery.
    • Sterile technique: Refers to methods preventing contamination of the sterile field during procedures.

    Instrumentation and Usage

    • Autoclave: Device used for steam or gas sterilization of instruments, ensuring safety against pathogens.
    • Biological Indicator: Tests the effectiveness of sterilization processes, essential for verifying sterilized items.
    • Immediate-use steam sterilization: Quickly sterilizes unwrapped items, crucial for urgent situations.

    Compliance and Safety Practices

    • Surgical conscience: Ethical framework guiding medical professionals to make safe and appropriate decisions.
    • Integrity of sterile packages: Must be checked before opening; any breach in integrity could lead to contamination.
    • 12 inches rule: Nonsterile individuals must maintain this distance from sterile items to prevent contamination.

    Common Misconceptions and Truths

    • HIV is not the most transmitted pathogen in operating rooms; Staphylococcus aureus holds that distinction.
    • Immediate immersion cleaning and proper handling of surgical instruments prevent contamination.
    • The presence of a hole in a sterile wrapper mandates discarding the pack to maintain strict aseptic conditions.

    Infection Types and Implications

    • Nosocomial infections: Infections acquired in healthcare facilities, with UTIs being the most common.
    • SSIs: Surgical wound infections acquired during operations, emphasizing the need for stringent infection control measures.
    • Increased risk factors: Age and obesity significantly elevate the risk of contracting SSIs during surgical procedures.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key terms related to preventing disease transmission in perioperative settings. It includes essential definitions such as 'Asepsis', 'Pathogen', and 'Fomite'. Ideal for students studying surgical practices and infection control.

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