Mental Dental Perio

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of periodontal disease?

Environmental factors

Smoking

Plaque (correct)

Diabetes

At which stage of gingivitis do the B cells step up to the plate?

Stage one

Stage four

Stage two

Stage three (correct)

What happens to the T lymphocytes in stage two of gingivitis?

They disappear

They wait for stage three

They are replaced by B cells

They attack the early lesions (correct)

What is the result of bone loss in stage four of gingivitis?

Irreversible damage Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical changes associated with gingivitis?

Changes in contour, color, and consistency Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of stage four of gingivitis?

Advanced lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Neutrophils in the immune response to periodontal bacteria?

To form a barrier to protect the body from the bacteria Signup and view all the answers

How do Neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to the periodontal pocket?

By direct locomotion, known as chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which Neutrophils internalize bacteria?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme involved in the destruction of periodontal tissues?

Neutrophil gelatinase Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is known to inhibit MMP 8?

Tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of defective neutrophil chemotaxis?

Aggressive periodontitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the biologic bleach released by Neutrophils?

To kill bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Neutrophils in the immune response to periodontal bacteria?

To sniff out the invading bacteria and kill them Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bacteria that causes the A form of periodontitis?

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophages in the immune response?

To release cytokines and regulate the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T helper cells in the immune response?

To help with communication between immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of natural killer cells?

To recognize and kill tumor and virally infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases in periodontal disease?

To destroy collagen and cause tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the pathogenesis of gingivitis?

The initial lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response?

To cause tissue destruction if not properly regulated Signup and view all the answers

What is immunoglobulin E associated with?

Mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the glycoprotein found on the surface of T helper cells?

CD4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the balance between in the immune response?

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Cells in Periodontal Response

Neutrophils are the first line of defense and play a crucial role in controlling bacterial challenges and destroying periodontal tissue.
They migrate from blood vessels to the periodontal pocket via chemotaxis and form a barrier to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria.
Neutrophils internalize bacteria via phagocytosis and kill them using biologic bleach, which is a mix of nasty chemicals, including myeloperoxide and oxygen radicals.
Neutrophil gelatinase (MMP-8) is involved in the destruction of periodontal tissues and is inhibited by the antibiotic tetracycline.

Neutrophil Abnormalities

Defective neutrophil chemotaxis can lead to aggressive periodontitis.
Abnormalities in neutrophil function can result in a "lose-lose" situation, where too much neutrophil activity leads to tissue destruction, and too little activity leads to unchecked bacterial growth.

Macrophages

Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that regulate the immune response by releasing cytokines like IL-8.
They also include monocytes and dendritic cells.

Mast Cells

Mast cells are involved in vascular permeability and dilation of blood vessels.
They produce IgE, which is an antibody famously produced by mast cells.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a category of immune cells involved in the periodontal response.
B cells become plasma cells and make antibodies.
T helper cells (CD4 cells) help with communication between immune cells.
T cytotoxic cells (CD8 cells) directly kill intracellular antigens.
Natural killer cells (NK cells) recognize and kill tumor and virally infected cells.

Pro-Inflammatory Mediators

Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as MMPs, favor the destructive nature of periodontal disease.
MMPs are matrix metalloproteinases that destroy collagen, the most common protein in the human body, leading to localized tissue damage.

Anti-Inflammatory Mediators

Anti-inflammatory mediators oppose tissue destruction and are involved in a constant balance with pro-inflammatory mediators.

Stages of Gingivitis

The initial lesion (2-4 days) involves neutrophil infiltration.
The early lesion (4-7 days) involves T lymphocyte infiltration.
The established lesion (14-21 days) involves B cell infiltration and maturation into plasma cells.
The advanced lesion (stage 4) involves transition to irreversible tissue damage, characterized by bone loss and clinical changes in color, contour, and consistency.

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Description

Learn about the bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its role in periodontitis, as well as the importance of neutrophils in the body's response to infection.

Mental Dental Perio - Video 6

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