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Questions and Answers
Which artery lies posterior and to the left of the trachea?
At what level does the trachea start and end?
Which vein forms the superior vena cava (SVC)?
Which lymph trunk drains the left upper limb?
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Which lymph trunk drains the right thorax?
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Where does the Thoracic Duct open into?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the mediastinum?
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Which structure is responsible for anchoring the heart to surrounding tissues without compromising cardiac movement?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the pleura?
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Which layer of the pericardium lines the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium and reflects onto itself around the roots of the great vessels?
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What is the function of pericardial fluid?
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Which nerve is the sole motor supply to the diaphragm?
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Which of the following is a learning outcome mentioned in the text?
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What is the purpose of the lecture mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following is a topic covered in the lecture mentioned in the text?
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Which nerve passes through the Caval hiatus?
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Which of the following is NOT a sinus formed within the serous pericardium?
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Which structure separates the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube?
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Which artery lies within the pericardium to the left of the ascending aorta?
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At what level does the trachea start and end?
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Which structure pierces the diaphragm at the level of T10?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical condition that affects the pericardium?
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Which of the following structures is NOT located in the superior mediastinum?
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Which of the following is responsible for draining lymph from the mediastinal nodes into the venous system?
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Which lymph trunk drains the left side of the head and neck?
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Which lymph trunk drains the right upper limb?
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Where does the thoracic duct start?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the mediastinum?
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Which structure is responsible for anchoring the heart to surrounding tissues without compromising cardiac movement?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the pleura?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of intravenous therapy?
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What is the purpose of the visual infusion phlebitis score?
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What is the bioavailability of a drug administered via intravenous injection?
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Which parameter affects the time taken to reach steady state plasma concentration of a drug?
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What does the clearance of a drug from the body depend on?
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What happens to the steady state plasma concentration if the dose of a drug is increased?
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What contributes to the potential for drug errors in intravenous administration?
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What determines the steady state plasma concentration of a drug during intravenous infusion?
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Which type of intravascular device is used to deliver drugs and fluids?
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What are the indications for intravenous therapy?
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What are the disadvantages of intravenous administration?
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What are the hazards and complications of intravenous therapy?
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When should the oral route be used instead of intravenous administration?
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What is one reason intravenous therapy may be needed?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of intravascular device?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- The left recurrent laryngeal nerve lies posterior and to the left of the trachea.
- The trachea begins at the level of C6 and ends at T5.
- The superior vena cava (SVC) is formed by the merging of the right and left brachiocephalic veins.
- The left lymph trunk drains lymph from the left upper limb.
- The right lymph trunk drains lymph from the right thorax.
- The thoracic duct opens into the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins.
- The mediastinum includes structures such as the heart, trachea, and esophagus, but not the lungs.
Heart and Pericardium
- The pericardium is anchored by the fibrous pericardium, allowing cardiac movement without interference.
- Functions of the pleura include reducing friction and providing a pressure gradient; it does not participate in cardiac function.
- The inner layer of the pericardium, known as the serous pericardium, lines the fibrous pericardium and covers the great vessels.
- Pericardial fluid serves to lubricate the heart and reduce friction during contraction.
- The phrenic nerve is the sole motor supply to the diaphragm.
Lymphatic System
- The left jugular trunk drains lymph from the left side of the head and neck.
- The right lymph duct drains the right upper limb.
- The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli, located at the level of L1-L2.
Clinical Considerations
- The Caval hiatus allows the passage of the inferior vena cava at the level of T8.
- Clinical conditions affecting the pericardium do not include pericarditis.
- Non-functional sinus within the serous pericardium such as the transverse sinus.
- Potential complications of intravenous therapy include infection, thrombosis, and phlebitis.
- The visual infusion phlebitis score assesses the risk of phlebitis at infusion sites.
- Bioavailability of a drug via intravenous injection is 100%.
Drug Administration
- Time to reach steady state plasma concentration is affected by drug clearance and volume of distribution.
- Increased drug dosage raises the steady state plasma concentration proportionally.
- Drug errors in intravenous therapy can stem from miscalculating dosages or errors in administration.
- Steady state plasma concentration during intravenous infusion depends on dosage and clearance rate.
- Intravascular devices like IV catheters deliver medications and fluids for various indications including hydration and nutrient supplementation.
- Disadvantages of intravenous administration include risk of infection and damage to veins.
When to Consider Alternatives
- The oral route should be used for stable patients when they can safely swallow and when rapid absorption is not critical.
- Intravenous therapy may be needed in emergencies, for rapid medication delivery, or when oral routes are compromised.
- Types of intravascular devices include peripheral IV lines, central venous catheters, and PICC lines.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the pericardium with this quiz! Learn about the layers of the serous pericardium, the functions of the parietal and visceral layers, and the role of the pericardial cavity and fluid.
