Pericarditis Morphology and Aneurysms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common risk factor for aortic dissection?

  • Polyarteritis nodosa
  • Marfan's syndrome
  • Old age
  • Hypertension (correct)

    • Which type of aneurysm is characterized by weakened arterial wall secondary to infection?

  • Mycotic aneurysm (correct)
  • Septic embolus aneurysm
  • AAA aneurysm
  • Berry aneurysm

    • Which condition is associated with aortic regurgitation as a clinical presentation?

  • Kawasaki syndrome
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Marfan's syndrome (correct)
  • Fibromuscular dysplasia

    • What is the hallmark feature of a true aneurysm?

    <p>Surrounded by complete vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathogenesis leading to the formation of syphilitic aneurysms?

    <p>Endarteritis obliterans of vasa vasorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by fibrinous thickenings and adhesions in the pericardium?

    <p>Chronic pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of abdominal aortic aneurysms?

    <p>Inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature is typically seen in aortic aneurysms due to cystic medial degeneration?

    <p>Mucoid deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is implicated in the formation of amyloid in abnormal fibrillar form?

    <p>Micelle formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysms?

    <p>Female gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to local hypoxia, medial neovascularization, and inflammation in aortic aneurysms?

    <p>Mural thrombus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of intrarenal aneurysms?

    <p>Kawasaki syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rupture associated with straining or orgasm' is a characteristic of which type of aneurysm?

    <p><strong>Syphilitic aneurysm</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can occur due to distal embolization in patients with aneurysms?

    <p><strong>Blue toe syndrome</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Unequal upper limb pulses' as a clinical presentation is primarily seen in which condition?

    <p><strong>Marfan's syndrome</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Attenuation of aortic media' is a characteristic feature of which condition?

    <p><strong>Abdominal aortic aneurysm</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of left heart failure?

    <p>Connective tissue diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of right ventricular failure morphology?

    <p>Cardiac cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Familial factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is known for mutations in genes encoding sacromeric proteins?

    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is typically seen in the microscopic morphology of dilated cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Interstitial fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Mutations in sacromeric proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common motif found in amyloidosis?

    <p>Beta sheet structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT associated with amyloid like fibrils in the brain and heart?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amyloidosis is associated with plasma cell dyscrasias such as myeloma?

    <p>Systemic AL amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amyloidosis type is NOT correctly matched with its associated protein?

    <p>ACal - Calcitonin protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is NOT useful for definitive tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis?

    <p>Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic finding can be observed on echocardiogram in patients with amyloidosis?

    <p>Sparkling appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is NOT commonly used for systemic AL amyloidosis?

    <p>Cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Decrease in ventricular compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of left heart failure?

    <p>Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic microscopic finding in myocarditis?

    <p>Focal myocyte necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is typically observed in pericarditis morphology?

    <p>Lymphocytic infiltrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of acute pericarditis?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the gross morphology of restrictive cardiomyopathy from myocarditis?

    <p>Normal ventricles with firm myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most likely associated with right heart failure?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with the abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid proteins in the brain and heart?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of amyloidosis, which type is characterized by the deposition of transthyretin protein in various tissues?

    <p>ATTR amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is commonly used to target prion diseases by inhibiting post-translational modifications of the prion protein?

    <p>Pharmacological chaperone therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of the beta sheet structure predominant in amyloid fibrils?

    <p>Antiparallel arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT typically treated using immunosuppressive therapy for systemic involvement of amyloidosis?

    <p>Systemic Aβ2M amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of structure is most commonly associated with amyloidosis?

    <p>Beta sheet structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by amyloid-like fibrils in the brain and heart, and is heritable with trinucleotide repeats?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prions?

    <p>Associated with trinucleotide repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amyloidosis is associated with myeloma and plasma cell dyscrasias?

    <p>Systemic AL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible treatment option for hereditary amyloidosis?

    <p>Liver transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common motif found in amyloidosis?

    <p>Beta-sheet structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT associated with amyloid like fibrils in the brain and heart?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment option is NOT commonly used for systemic AL amyloidosis?

    <p>Surgical resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is typically observed in pericarditis morphology?

    <p>Fibrinous thickenings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Mutations in genes encoding sacromeric proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aneurysms

    • Aneurysms are localized, abnormal, permanent dilations of a blood vessel.
    • True aneurysms are surrounded by a complete vessel wall, with all layers affected.
    • False aneurysms (pseudoaneurysms) are extravascular hematomas that communicate with the intravascular space.
    • Types of aneurysms include:
      • Saccular (berry) aneurysms
      • Fusiform aneurysms (e.g. abdominal aortic aneurysm)
      • Mycotic aneurysms (weakened arterial wall due to infection)

    Aortic Dissection

    • Most (>80%) aortic dissections develop without a pre-existing thoracic aortic aneurysm.
    • Risk factors include hypertension, old age, atherosclerosis, Marfan's, Turner's, bicuspid aortic valve, Takayasu's arteritis, familial, and pregnancy.
    • Histology: cystic medial degeneration, decreased vascular smooth muscle, mucoid deposition, elastin deficiency, and fragmentation.

    Amyloidosis

    • Amyloid is a protein in an abnormal fibrillar form, resistant to degradation.
    • Amyloid formation relies on the polymerization of fibrils from an unstable intermediate state.
    • Types of amyloid include:
      • Systemic AL (Ig LC, lambda)
      • Systemic AA (SAA, reactive systemic, chronic inflammatory)
      • Abeta2M (Beta2-microglobulin, dialysis associated, chronic renal failure)
      • Localized Abeta2 (APP, senile cerebral, Alzheimer's)
      • ACal (Calcitonin, Endocrine, Medullary thyroid carcinoma)
      • ATTR (Transthyretin, Familial amyloidotic neuropathies or systemic senile amyloidosis)

    Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Pericarditis

    • Causes of heart failure:
      • Left ventricular failure: volume overload, pressure overload, loss of muscles, and restricted filling
      • Right heart failure: left heart failure, lung disorders
    • Morphology of left ventricular failure: gross depends on disease processes, LVH, and dilation; microscopy shows myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis
    • Morphology of right ventricular failure: heart varies with cause, typically RVH and dilation, possibly atrial dilation; liver shows nutmeg liver (chronic passive congestion), centrilobular necrosis, and cardiac cirrhosis; subcutaneous tissue shows pedal and sacral edema

    Heart Failure

    • Dilated cardiomyopathy/congestive heart failure: progressive cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction, usually with concomitant hypertrophy
    • Gross morphology: enlarged "flabby" heart due to dilation of all chambers
    • Microscopic morphology: non-specific, may see hypertrophic myocytes
    • Pathogenesis: secondary to ischemic heart disease, familial, post-myocarditis, toxins, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, and peripartum

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    Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, Pericarditis & Heart Failure PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the morphology of pericarditis and aneurysms by answering questions on different types of pericarditis, such as serous, fibrinous, purulent, and chronic/healed. Additionally, assess your understanding of true and false aneurysms, including their characteristics and causes.

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