Pediatrics: Iron Deficiency and Near Miss Events

A condition characterized by hoarseness due to compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve by an enlarged left atrium.

Autosomal dominant disorder with features like short stature, facial dysmorphism, and congenital heart defects (most commonly pulmonic stenosis, ASD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy).

Pinkish-purplish plaques found on the face, often associated with mitral stenosis. It is caused by inadequate facial perfusion due to low cardiac output.

A heart murmur that occurs during the middle of systole (pumping phase) and is often caused by increased blood flow through the pulmonary valve.

An ECG finding in mitral stenosis characterized by broad and notched P waves, indicating left atrial enlargement.

A heart murmur that occurs in the middle of diastole (relaxation phase) and is a characteristic finding in mitral stenosis. It is caused by turbulent blood flow through the narrowed mitral valve.

A condition characterized by a weakening and ballooning of an artery, often caused by septic emboli. This leads to an increased risk of rupture and bleeding.

A condition characterized by a narrowed mitral valve, leading to increased pressure in the left atrium and symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations.

A condition characterized by painful rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It occurs after a primary chickenpox infection, where the virus remains dormant and can reactivate later in life.

An antiviral medication prescribed for 7-10 days within 72 hours of symptom onset for the management of shingles.

A type of syncope, often referred to as "fainting", caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure and heart rate due to nerve stimulation.

A pre-labor scoring system used to predict the likelihood of labor starting spontaneously and to determine if labor induction is necessary.

A scoring system used to evaluate the readiness of the cervix for labor. A score greater than 9 indicates a high chance of spontaneous labor; a score less than 5 indicates a low probability of spontaneous labor and may require induction.

A common side effect of SSRI medications, which can lead to difficulties with sexual desire, arousal, and/or performance.

A type of syncope caused by a sudden disruption in the blood supply to the brain, often due to atherosclerosis.

A type of syncope caused by problems with the heart, such as arrhythmias or obstructions like aortic stenosis (AS) or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

A condition that develops 1-8 months after a Group A Strep infection, characterized by involuntary movements, primarily affecting the face, limbs, and trunk. It typically resolves spontaneously but can be treated with penicillin to eliminate the bacteria.

Inflammation of the heart, often a complication of rheumatic fever, affecting the endocardium, myocardium, or pericardium. It can lead to heart failure, valvular heart disease, and cardiac arrhythmias.

A condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural space surrounding the lungs due to increased pressure in the portal vein, a consequence of liver disease.

A test used to assess the response of pulmonary artery pressure to a vasodilator, helping to determine the effectiveness of calcium channel blockers in treating pulmonary hypertension.

A condition characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, often leading to right heart failure. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including congenital heart defects and chronic lung diseases.

An inflammation of the lymphatic system, often seen as enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, during mononucleosis.

A serious condition characterized by a blood clot in the lungs, often a complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), especially after a stroke.

A common complication of stroke, affecting swallowing ability, leading to choking, aspiration, and potential pneumonia.

A condition characterized by elevated liver enzymes and elevated alkaline phosphatase, but normal bilirubin levels.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and liver transplantation are the primary treatment methods for PBC.

During the first trimester of pregnancy, propylthiouracil (PTU) is the preferred treatment for hyperthyroidism. However, during the second and third trimesters, methimazole is generally used due to the potential for PTU to cause liver failure.

The HPV vaccine is recommended for individuals between the ages of 11 and 26, with three doses given over a 6-month period. The only contraindication is pregnancy.

Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in high-risk infants, particularly those born prematurely.

Following adrenalectomy, patients may experience hypotension due to decreased catecholamine production. Treatment typically involves intravenous fluid resuscitation with normal saline, followed by pressors if needed.

Following adrenalectomy, patients may experience hypoglycemia due to increased insulin secretion. Treatment involves intravenous dextrose infusion.

Chlamydia trachomatus is a sexually transmitted infection that should be screened for in pregnant women, especially those at high risk, in both the first and third trimesters. Erythromycin base or amoxicillin are recommended treatments during pregnancy.

Docusate sodium is a medication that helps soften stools by increasing water content. It is less effective than other laxatives for long-term constipation but can be useful for post-surgery patients to prevent straining.

Pap smears are used to screen for cervical cancer. The frequency of screening changes based on age and risk factors.

Women under 21 do not need Pap smears. Women 21-29 should have a Pap smear every 3 years.

Women 30-64 can choose between Pap smears every 3 years or combined Pap + HPV testing every 5 years.

Women over 65 who have had negative Pap smears and are not high-risk do not need routine screening.

Women who have had a hysterectomy, including removal of the cervix, do not need screening unless they are high-risk.

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) are abnormal cells on a Pap smear that may be precancerous. Management depends on age and HPV testing results.

Infantile botulism is a serious illness caused by ingesting spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The spores can be found in honey and dust.

Lead poisoning is treated according to the blood lead level. Mild cases (5-44 ug/dL) don't require medication, while moderate (45-69) cases are treated with oral succimer. Severe cases (70+ ug/dL) require a combination of IM dimercaprol and IV EDTA.

An abdominal CT scan is recommended for patients with bilateral or right-sided varicocele, or a varicocele that doesn't disappear when lying down. This helps identify potential causes of obstruction, such as a tumor or blood clot.

Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove plaque buildup in the carotid artery. The criteria for performing this surgery depend on the degree of stenosis and the patient's symptoms.

Certain drugs can impact thyroid metabolism by altering thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) levels. Estrogens, SERMs, methadone, and heroin increase TBG, requiring increased thyroxine dosages. Androgens, danazol, anabolic steroids, and glucocorticoids decrease TBG, requiring decreased thyroxine dosages.

Fungal endophthalmitis, often caused by Candida, requires prompt treatment with vitrectomy and either amphotericin B or fluconazole.

Sulfonylurea poisoning is treated with dextrose as the first-line therapy. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, can help reduce insulin secretion triggered by sulfonylureas.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) management involves controlling risk factors, regular exercise, and medication. Cilostazol is the preferred medication over pentoxifylline. Surgery is indicated for limb-threatening conditions or persistent functional impairments.

Normal caloric stimulation of the external ear canal triggers a specific eye movement pattern. This response, involving a transient deviation towards the stimulus and corrective saccadic movement, strongly suggests a psychogenic coma.