Pediatrics Chapter on Respiratory Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of pharyngitis in older children aged 5-15 years?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes (correct)
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Viruses

Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

False (B)

What are the first choice antibiotics for treating strep throat?

Penicillin or amoxicillin

The inflammation of the mucous membrane of nasal sinuses is known as __________.

<p>sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their related pathogens or characteristics:

<p>Pharyngitis = Caused primarily by viruses in young children Strep throat = Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet fever = Characterized by reddening of the skin due to erythrotoxin Sinusitis = Commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pneumococcal vaccine is approved for use only in adults aged 18 and older?

<p>PCV20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children can receive the PCV15 vaccine with a booster at 12 months of age.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two additional serotypes included in the PCV15 vaccine compared to PCV13?

<p>22F and 33F</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single dose of 23vPPV is recommended for individuals aged ______ and older without high-risk conditions.

<p>65</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pneumococcal vaccine with its description:

<p>PCV13 = Includes serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F PCV15 = Includes additional serotypes 22F and 33F PCV20 = Approved for adults only with 5 additional serotypes 23vPPV = Polysaccharide vaccine recommended for elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is responsible for most cases of the common cold in adults?

<p>Rhinovirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common cold is caused by bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a respiratory tract infection?

<p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ is a respiratory condition characterized by whitish lesions in the oral cavity.

<p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of respiratory tract infections with their respective categories:

<p>Common cold = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) Bronchitis = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Pneumonia = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Sinusitis = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the common cold?

<p>Whitish lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial infections are the most common cause of respiratory tract infections in adults.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one virus that is more common in children than in adults for respiratory infections.

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of the common cold?

<p>Sore throat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common cause of the common cold is bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which yeast is responsible for causing oral thrush?

<p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ is an infection characterized by whitish lesions in the oral cavity.

<p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory infections with their types:

<p>Common cold = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Bronchitis = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Sinusitis = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Pneumonia = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What virus causes most cases of the common cold in adults?

<p>Rhinovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial infections are the primary cause of respiratory tract infections in children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which season do common cold infections peak?

<p>Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laryngotracheobronchitis is also commonly known as __________.

<p>Croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of the common cold?

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pneumococcal vaccine approved for adults only?

<p>PCV20 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCV15 includes more serotypes than PCV13.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vaccine is recommended for high-risk individuals aged 2 years or older?

<p>PCV15</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child can receive the PCV15 vaccine with two primary doses given at __ and __ months of age.

<p>2, 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the pneumococcal vaccine with its characteristics:

<p>PCV13 = Includes 13 serotypes PCV15 = Includes serotypes 22F and 33F PCV20 = Approved for adults only 23vPPV = Contains 23 serotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age recommendation for receiving a single dose of 23vPPV without high-risk conditions?

<p>65 years and older (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children are eligible for PCV15 vaccination at birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval for administering 23vPPV after receiving PCV15?

<p>One year later</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haemophilus influenzae type __ is a common cause of serious infections in young children.

<p>b</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many serotypes does PCV20 include?

<p>23 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of sinusitis?

<p>Toothache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause otitis media.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a severe complication that can arise from untreated strep throat.

<p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pharyngitis in young children and adults is most commonly caused by __________.

<p>viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their related causes:

<p>Pharyngitis = Viruses Strep throat = Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet fever = Erythrotoxin Sinusitis = Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a symptom of Scarlet fever?

<p>Redness of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common cause of pharyngitis in older children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically used to treat strep throat?

<p>Penicillin or amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition marked by inflammation of the mucous membrane of nasal sinuses is known as __________.

<p>sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age group is scarlet fever most commonly observed?

<p>Aged 5 to 15 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Strep throat cause

Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), a bacteria.

Pharyngitis cause (children)

In young children and adults, viruses are the most common cause of pharyngitis. In older children (5-15 yrs), viruses and Streptococcus pyogenes are the most frequent causes.

Strep throat complications

Untreated strep throat can lead to serious complications like sinusitis, otitis media, rheumatic fever, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Sinusitis cause

Sinusitis, inflammation of the nasal sinuses, is often caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae.

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S. pneumoniae description

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacteria that can cause severe infections, which includes otitis media, meningitis, and sepsis.

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Upper Respiratory Infections (URTIs)

Infections of the structures above the trachea, including the nose, sinuses, and throat.

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Common Cold

The most common upper respiratory infection, typically caused by viruses like rhinovirus.

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Lower Respiratory Infections (LRIs)

Infections of the structures below the trachea, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.

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Pneumonia

A lower respiratory infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs.

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Oral Thrush

An infection in the mouth caused by the yeast Candida albicans.

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Rhinovirus

A virus commonly associated with the common cold in adults.

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Candida albicans

A yeast that causes oral thrush.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV)

Vaccines preventing pneumococcal disease, targeting specific strains (serotypes).

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PCV13

A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine targeting 13 specific strains of bacteria.

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PCV15

A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine targeting more types of bacteria (22F and 33F) than PCV13, better than PCV13.

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23vPPV

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, protecting against 23 specific pneumococcal strains.

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Pneumococcal vaccine schedule

A recommended schedule for PCV & 23vPPV vaccines, usually for children and elders with high risk, based on age and risk factors.

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Upper Respiratory System

The part of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and tongue. It's responsible for filtering and warming air before it enters the lungs.

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Lower Respiratory System

The part of the respiratory system that includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs. It's responsible for gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

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What causes most UTIs in adults?

Viruses, specifically rhinovirus, are the most common cause of UTIs in adults.

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What causes most LRIs in adults?

Bacteria are the most common cause of LRIs in adults.

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Common cold symptoms

Symptoms of a common cold typically include cough, sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, and fever.

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Common cold treatment

There's no specific cure for the common cold, but medication exists to manage its symptoms.

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Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A common respiratory infection in children that affects the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, causing a barking cough and difficulty breathing.

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Bronchiolitis

An infection of the small airways in the lungs (bronchioles) that primarily affects infants and young children, causing wheezing and difficulty breathing.

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Pharyngitis cause (young children)

In young children and adults, viruses are the most common cause of pharyngitis.

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Pharyngitis cause (older children)

In older children (5-15 yrs), Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common cause, followed by viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

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Strep throat

Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A -hemolytic Streptococcus) and should be treated with antibiotics.

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Scarlet fever

A complication of strep throat caused by some strains of S pyogenes that contain an erythrotoxin, leading to a red rash.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

Alpha (a)-hemolytic streptococci that can cause severe infections including otitis media, meningitis, and sepsis.

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Strawberry tongue

A symptom of scarlet fever characterized by a white-coated tongue with red bumps, resembling a strawberry.

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Scarlet fever age range

Most often affects children aged 5 to 15 years.

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Sinusitis symptoms

Blocked or stuffy nose, pain, swelling, tenderness and pressure around eyes, cheeks, noses or forehead, headache, toothache, and fever.

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What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A type of bacteria that can cause infections like pneumonia, ear infections, and meningitis. It's known for having a capsule making it harder to fight off.

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What is PCV13?

A type of vaccine that protects against 13 specific strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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What is PCV15?

A type of vaccine that protects against 15 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, including the 13 from PCV13 plus two more.

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What is PCV20?

A pneumococcal vaccine that protects against 20 strains of the bacteria but is only approved for adults.

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What is 23vPPV?

A type of pneumococcal vaccine that protects against 23 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Who should receive a single dose of PCV15?

High-risk individuals aged 2 years or above should receive a single dose of PCV15.

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What is the recommended dose of 23vPPV for elders?

Elders 65 years of age and older without high risk conditions should receive a single dose of 23vPPV.

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What happens if someone has already received 23vPPV?

If someone has already received 23vPPV, they should receive a single dose of PCV15 one year later.

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What happens if someone has already received PCV15?

If someone has already received PCV15, they should receive a single dose of 23vPPV one year later.

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What is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)?

A type of bacteria that can cause serious infections, especially in young children, like meningitis and ear infections.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) encompass infections affecting the upper and lower respiratory systems.
  • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) affect the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
  • Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
  • Common causes of URTIs include viruses (e.g., common cold), fungi (e.g., oral thrush), and bacteria (e.g., strep throat).
  • Bacteria are a more common cause of LRTIs in adults.
  • Viruses are more common causes for URTI and most LRTI in children.
  • Transmission routes for RTIs can be short-range (e.g., droplet, aerosol, direct/indirect contact) or long-range (e.g., primarily aerosol transmission)
  • The respiratory tract has natural defenses against infections, involving cilia, microvilli, and macrophages.
  • Common URTI examples include common cold, oral thrush, pharyngitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis, diphtheria, and otitis media.
  • Common LRTI examples include laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
  • The common cold is the most typical URTI, peaking in winter, with over 200 viruses as causative agents. Rhinovirus is the most common cause in adults.
  • Oral thrush is caused by Candida albicans (a yeast), displaying whitish lesions on oral surfaces. It can be linked to prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with diabetes.
  • Pharyngitis is caused by viruses in children and adults, while in older children, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are more common causative agents.
  • Strep throat results from Streptococcus pyogenes and necessitates antibiotic treatment to prevent severe complications such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
  • Scarlet fever is a complication of strep throat, caused by specific strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, exhibiting a skin rash on the neck, chest, elbows, and inner thighs.
  • Sinusitis involves nasal sinus inflammation, with symptoms of blocked or stuffy nose, facial pain/pressure, headaches, and fever. Common bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
  • Epiglottitis, an inflammation of the epiglottis (a cartilage covering the larynx), can block airflow and rapidly become life-threatening if untreated. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause in young children (less than 12 months of age), alongside some men.
  • Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, produces a toxin damaging pharyngeal cells, creating a pseudomembrane in the throat that can block the airway.
  • Otitis media is a middle ear infection often arising as a complication of a URTI. The build-up of pus in the ear drum can create pressure. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are common causes
  • Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13 and PCV20) provide protection against various pneumococcal serotypes to prevent pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis.
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections can be severe, including otitis media, meningitis, and sepsis. A Hib vaccine is available to prevent this.
  • Other respiratory infections include bronchitis, bronchiolitis, seasonal influenza (caused by point mutations in virus A or B), pneumonia (differentiated as community-acquired, healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, or ventilator-associated), whooping cough (caused by Bordetella pertussis), and tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
  • Methods for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment, including the use of multi-drug therapy (DOTS), and the BCG vaccine are crucial.

Additional Important Information

  • Herd immunity plays a role by limiting the spread of viruses, protecting individuals without immunity.
  • Antiviral treatments, as well as vaccines for various respiratory illnesses, are available to prevent morbidity, particularly for influenza.

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Respiratory Tract Infections PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on respiratory infections, focusing on pharyngitis and pneumococcal vaccines in children aged 5-15 years. This quiz includes questions about common pathogens, symptoms, and treatment options. Perfect for medical students or those in the healthcare field!

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