Pediatrics Chapter on Respiratory Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of pharyngitis in older children aged 5-15 years?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes (correct)
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Viruses

    • Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    False

    What are the first choice antibiotics for treating strep throat?

    Penicillin or amoxicillin

    The inflammation of the mucous membrane of nasal sinuses is known as __________.

    <p>sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related pathogens or characteristics:

    <p>Pharyngitis = Caused primarily by viruses in young children Strep throat = Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet fever = Characterized by reddening of the skin due to erythrotoxin Sinusitis = Commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pneumococcal vaccine is approved for use only in adults aged 18 and older?

    <p>PCV20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children can receive the PCV15 vaccine with a booster at 12 months of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two additional serotypes included in the PCV15 vaccine compared to PCV13?

    <p>22F and 33F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single dose of 23vPPV is recommended for individuals aged ______ and older without high-risk conditions.

    <p>65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pneumococcal vaccine with its description:

    <p>PCV13 = Includes serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F PCV15 = Includes additional serotypes 22F and 33F PCV20 = Approved for adults only with 5 additional serotypes 23vPPV = Polysaccharide vaccine recommended for elders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is responsible for most cases of the common cold in adults?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common cold is caused by bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a respiratory tract infection?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a respiratory condition characterized by whitish lesions in the oral cavity.

    <p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of respiratory tract infections with their respective categories:

    <p>Common cold = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) Bronchitis = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Pneumonia = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Sinusitis = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the common cold?

    <p>Whitish lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial infections are the most common cause of respiratory tract infections in adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one virus that is more common in children than in adults for respiratory infections.

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of the common cold?

    <p>Sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of the common cold is bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which yeast is responsible for causing oral thrush?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is an infection characterized by whitish lesions in the oral cavity.

    <p>Oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory infections with their types:

    <p>Common cold = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Bronchitis = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Sinusitis = Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Pneumonia = Lower Respiratory Tract Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus causes most cases of the common cold in adults?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial infections are the primary cause of respiratory tract infections in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season do common cold infections peak?

    <p>Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laryngotracheobronchitis is also commonly known as __________.

    <p>Croup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of the common cold?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pneumococcal vaccine approved for adults only?

    <p>PCV20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PCV15 includes more serotypes than PCV13.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vaccine is recommended for high-risk individuals aged 2 years or older?

    <p>PCV15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child can receive the PCV15 vaccine with two primary doses given at __ and __ months of age.

    <p>2, 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pneumococcal vaccine with its characteristics:

    <p>PCV13 = Includes 13 serotypes PCV15 = Includes serotypes 22F and 33F PCV20 = Approved for adults only 23vPPV = Contains 23 serotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age recommendation for receiving a single dose of 23vPPV without high-risk conditions?

    <p>65 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are eligible for PCV15 vaccination at birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended interval for administering 23vPPV after receiving PCV15?

    <p>One year later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemophilus influenzae type __ is a common cause of serious infections in young children.

    <p>b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many serotypes does PCV20 include?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of sinusitis?

    <p>Toothache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause otitis media.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a severe complication that can arise from untreated strep throat.

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharyngitis in young children and adults is most commonly caused by __________.

    <p>viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related causes:

    <p>Pharyngitis = Viruses Strep throat = Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet fever = Erythrotoxin Sinusitis = Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a symptom of Scarlet fever?

    <p>Redness of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common cause of pharyngitis in older children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically used to treat strep throat?

    <p>Penicillin or amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition marked by inflammation of the mucous membrane of nasal sinuses is known as __________.

    <p>sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age group is scarlet fever most commonly observed?

    <p>Aged 5 to 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) encompass infections affecting the upper and lower respiratory systems.
    • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) affect the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
    • Common causes of URTIs include viruses (e.g., common cold), fungi (e.g., oral thrush), and bacteria (e.g., strep throat).
    • Bacteria are a more common cause of LRTIs in adults.
    • Viruses are more common causes for URTI and most LRTI in children.
    • Transmission routes for RTIs can be short-range (e.g., droplet, aerosol, direct/indirect contact) or long-range (e.g., primarily aerosol transmission)
    • The respiratory tract has natural defenses against infections, involving cilia, microvilli, and macrophages.
    • Common URTI examples include common cold, oral thrush, pharyngitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis, diphtheria, and otitis media.
    • Common LRTI examples include laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
    • The common cold is the most typical URTI, peaking in winter, with over 200 viruses as causative agents. Rhinovirus is the most common cause in adults.
    • Oral thrush is caused by Candida albicans (a yeast), displaying whitish lesions on oral surfaces. It can be linked to prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with diabetes.
    • Pharyngitis is caused by viruses in children and adults, while in older children, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are more common causative agents.
    • Strep throat results from Streptococcus pyogenes and necessitates antibiotic treatment to prevent severe complications such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
    • Scarlet fever is a complication of strep throat, caused by specific strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, exhibiting a skin rash on the neck, chest, elbows, and inner thighs.
    • Sinusitis involves nasal sinus inflammation, with symptoms of blocked or stuffy nose, facial pain/pressure, headaches, and fever. Common bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
    • Epiglottitis, an inflammation of the epiglottis (a cartilage covering the larynx), can block airflow and rapidly become life-threatening if untreated. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause in young children (less than 12 months of age), alongside some men.
    • Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, produces a toxin damaging pharyngeal cells, creating a pseudomembrane in the throat that can block the airway.
    • Otitis media is a middle ear infection often arising as a complication of a URTI. The build-up of pus in the ear drum can create pressure. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are common causes
    • Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13 and PCV20) provide protection against various pneumococcal serotypes to prevent pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis.
    • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections can be severe, including otitis media, meningitis, and sepsis. A Hib vaccine is available to prevent this.
    • Other respiratory infections include bronchitis, bronchiolitis, seasonal influenza (caused by point mutations in virus A or B), pneumonia (differentiated as community-acquired, healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, or ventilator-associated), whooping cough (caused by Bordetella pertussis), and tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
    • Methods for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment, including the use of multi-drug therapy (DOTS), and the BCG vaccine are crucial.

    Additional Important Information

    • Herd immunity plays a role by limiting the spread of viruses, protecting individuals without immunity.
    • Antiviral treatments, as well as vaccines for various respiratory illnesses, are available to prevent morbidity, particularly for influenza.

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    Respiratory Tract Infections PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on respiratory infections, focusing on pharyngitis and pneumococcal vaccines in children aged 5-15 years. This quiz includes questions about common pathogens, symptoms, and treatment options. Perfect for medical students or those in the healthcare field!

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