22 Questions
What may be indicated by a breathless, pale, or sweating child?
Heart failure
What can be a normal finding in young babies and those with cold peripheries?
Peripheral cyanosis
What is palpated to reflect left ventricular function?
Apex beat
What suggests pulmonary hypertension?
Right ventricular heave over sternum
What is a sign of heart failure?
Hepatomegaly
What is palpated to assess for palpable murmurs?
Thrills
What is a sign of cyanotic heart disease?
Finger clubbing
What is a symptom of tuberculosis?
Noisy breathing
What is the normal appearance of eardrums as observed through an auroscope?
Grey and shiny
What is the indication of respiratory distress in a child?
Nasal flaring and recession
What is the purpose of counting the respiratory rate in a child?
To assess respiratory distress
What is the indication of chronic secretory otitis media (glue ear)?
Dull and retracted eardrums
What is examined for inflammation, obstruction, and polyps?
Nostrils
What is the significance of finger clubbing in a child?
Is a sign of chronic respiratory disease
What is a possible cause of pectus carinatum?
Marfan's syndrome
What does the presence of absent breath sounds in one area suggest?
Pneumothorax or dense consolidation
What is often heard just above the area of consolidation in pneumonia?
Bronchial breathing with crackles
What is the respiratory rate at rest typically measured in?
Breaths per minute
What is a hyper-resonant percussion note often associated with?
Pneumothorax
What is often heard in young children throughout the whole chest?
Upper airway sounds
What is often heard in asthma and bronchiolitis?
Expiratory wheeze
What is associated with mitral valve prolapse?
Marfan's syndrome
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Central cyanosis may indicate heart failure, while peripheral cyanosis can be normal in young babies and those with cold peripheries.
- Finger clubbing can be a sign of cyanotic heart disease.
- Palpation is used to:
- Feel the apex beat, reflecting left ventricular function.
- Feel for right ventricular heave over the sternum, indicating pulmonary hypertension.
- Feel for thrills (palpable murmurs).
- Hepatomegaly suggests heart failure.
Respiratory System
- Respiratory distress symptoms:
- Nasal flaring.
- Recession.
- Use of accessory muscles.
- Investigate wheeze, stridor, or grunting.
- Assess respiratory rate and look for signs of cyanosis or pallor.
- Finger clubbing can be associated with mitral valve prolapse or Marfan's syndrome.
- Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) can be idiopathic or associated with severe asthma.
- Percussion notes:
- Resonant: normal.
- Hyper-resonant: pneumothorax or emphysema.
Ear, Nose, and Throat
- Examine eardrums using an auroscope:
- Grey and shiny: normal.
- Red and bulging: suggests otitis media.
- Dull and retracted: chronic secretory otitis media (glue ear).
- Inspect nostrils for inflammation, obstruction, and polyps.
- Listen for air entry, breath sounds, and added sounds in all areas.
General
- Noisy breathing (wheeze) can indicate lower airway obstruction.
- Travel to areas with high tuberculosis prevalence or contact with infected relatives can be relevant to the diagnosis.
Identify the causes and symptoms of respiratory infections in pediatrics, including tuberculosis and noisy breathing.
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