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Questions and Answers
Which type of fracture is most common in children?
Which type of fracture is most common in children?
- Greenstick Fracture
- Salter Harris Fracture (correct)
- Colles' Fracture
- Spiral Fracture
A Colles' fracture typically occurs from a fall on an outstretched hand.
A Colles' fracture typically occurs from a fall on an outstretched hand.
True (A)
What is the primary lesion associated with primary syphilis?
What is the primary lesion associated with primary syphilis?
- Chancres (correct)
- Rash
- Abscess
- Fever
What is the primary characteristic of myoclonus?
What is the primary characteristic of myoclonus?
The type of fracture characterized by partial compression of the cortex is called a __________ fracture.
The type of fracture characterized by partial compression of the cortex is called a __________ fracture.
Tertiary syphilis can occur 1-30 years after initial infection.
Tertiary syphilis can occur 1-30 years after initial infection.
What bacterium is primarily responsible for furuncles?
What bacterium is primarily responsible for furuncles?
Match the types of movements with their definitions:
Match the types of movements with their definitions:
A __________ is a fungal nail infection.
A __________ is a fungal nail infection.
Which fracture is associated with avascular necrosis?
Which fracture is associated with avascular necrosis?
Match the following stages of syphilis with their clinical presentations:
Match the following stages of syphilis with their clinical presentations:
Pediatric fractures typically do not involve the growth plate.
Pediatric fractures typically do not involve the growth plate.
What is a carbuncle?
What is a carbuncle?
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome characterized by?
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome characterized by?
A __________ fracture is often the result of muscle pulling away from the bone.
A __________ fracture is often the result of muscle pulling away from the bone.
Secondary stage of syphilis occurs 2-12 weeks after initial infection.
Secondary stage of syphilis occurs 2-12 weeks after initial infection.
What are two potential sequelae of varicella?
What are two potential sequelae of varicella?
What is a common secondary sign of a fracture on X-ray?
What is a common secondary sign of a fracture on X-ray?
At what Tanner stage does menarche typically occur?
At what Tanner stage does menarche typically occur?
Adult breast contours are present in Tanner stage 4.
Adult breast contours are present in Tanner stage 4.
What is a typical visible sign of a hydrocele?
What is a typical visible sign of a hydrocele?
A penile condition where the prepuce cannot be retracted is called __________.
A penile condition where the prepuce cannot be retracted is called __________.
Match the male genital abnormalities with their characteristics:
Match the male genital abnormalities with their characteristics:
What is a common age range for a female to reach Tanner stage 3?
What is a common age range for a female to reach Tanner stage 3?
Testicular cancer is usually asymptomatic in its early stages.
Testicular cancer is usually asymptomatic in its early stages.
What is the cremasteric reflex associated with?
What is the cremasteric reflex associated with?
What type of infection can cause an abscess?
What type of infection can cause an abscess?
The primary organisms causing impetigo are E. coli and staphylococcus.
The primary organisms causing impetigo are E. coli and staphylococcus.
What is the primary treatment for scabies?
What is the primary treatment for scabies?
An abscess is a _____ lump filled with pus that can develop anywhere in the body.
An abscess is a _____ lump filled with pus that can develop anywhere in the body.
Match the organisms with the conditions they cause:
Match the organisms with the conditions they cause:
Which of the following is a symptom of atopic dermatitis?
Which of the following is a symptom of atopic dermatitis?
Topical steroids and antihistamines may be used for severe cases of atopic dermatitis.
Topical steroids and antihistamines may be used for severe cases of atopic dermatitis.
What is the treatment for localized ringworm infection?
What is the treatment for localized ringworm infection?
Which treatment is commonly used for acne in teenagers?
Which treatment is commonly used for acne in teenagers?
Rosacea commonly presents with comedones.
Rosacea commonly presents with comedones.
What condition is characterized by honey-colored crust lesions and commonly affects children?
What condition is characterized by honey-colored crust lesions and commonly affects children?
The fungal infection caused by Candida albicans is known as _____.
The fungal infection caused by Candida albicans is known as _____.
Match the following skin lesions with their definitions:
Match the following skin lesions with their definitions:
Which characteristic is associated with folliculitis?
Which characteristic is associated with folliculitis?
Azelaic acid is used for treating rosacea.
Azelaic acid is used for treating rosacea.
What is the primary treatment for shingles caused by the varicella virus?
What is the primary treatment for shingles caused by the varicella virus?
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Study Notes
Types of Fractures
- Common fractures: Buckle, avulsion, greenstick, stress, compound, spiral, Colles', and Salter Harris.
- Radial Head Fracture: Often occurs in the elbow.
- Supracondylar Fracture: Most common in children, indicated by the posterior fat pad sign.
- Scaphoid Fracture: Affects the wrist/hand, may lead to avascular necrosis.
- Spiral Fracture: Typically occurs in fibula or tibia.
- Colles’ Fracture: Related to falls from an outstretched hand; may require surgery and splinting.
- Salter Harris Fracture: Involves the growth plate; Type 2 is the most common in pediatrics.
- Buckle (Torus) Fracture: Incomplete fracture caused by partial compression of the cortex, commonly found in long bones, especially wrist.
- Greenstick Fracture: Incomplete fracture that leaves a portion of the cortex intact; may require manipulation to reset.
- Apophyseal Avulsion Fracture: Apophysis torn from bone by muscle, commonly at anterior superior iliac crest and tibial tubercle.
- Toddler’s Spiral Fracture: Typically seen in children, often in distal tibia.
Secondary Signs of Fracture on X-Ray
- Joint Effusion: Indicates potential injury or fracture.
- Periosteal Reaction: May suggest healing; also known as callus formation.
Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease
- Motor Symptoms: Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability, speech difficulties, blurred vision, and dysphagia.
- Nonmotor Symptoms: Include constipation, sexual dysfunction, urinary issues, depression/anxiety, dementia, and insomnia.
Causes of Chorea
- Hyperkinetic Movement: Characterized by involuntary, abrupt, irregular movements.
- Hereditary Causes: Huntington’s disease and Wilson's disease.
- Drug-Related: Neuroleptics and dopaminergic drugs.
- Toxic Metabolic Causes: Alcohol, carbon dioxide, and thyrotoxicosis.
- Immunologic Triggers: Lupus erythematosus or streptococcus infections.
- Pregnancy and Vascular Issues can also induce chorea.
Movement Control Mechanisms
- Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle contractions; can be seen in epilepsy or as hiccups.
- Dystonia: Sustained muscle contractions causing abnormal postures or repetitive twisting.
- Tremors: Continuous movements; types include resting (Parkinson's), postural (essential), and action tremors (cerebellar outflow).
Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology
- Impaired copper excretion into bile leading to copper toxicity and liver damage.
- Copper also fails to incorporate into ceruloplasmin, causing tissue accumulation.
Tanner Stages of Puberty
- Tanner Stage 1: Prepubertal changes in pubic hair and genitalia.
- Tanner Stage 2 (11.5-13 years): Development of coarse curly pubic hair and initial breast tissue growth.
- Tanner Stage 3 (12-15 years): Adult pubic hair without thigh spread, secondary mound formation in breasts, menarche occurrence.
- Tanner Stage 4 (Over 15 years): Adult hair reaches thighs, adult breast contours are present.
Identifying Testicular Abnormalities
- Testicular Torsion: Characterized by an elevated, horizontally positioned testicle, with loss of cremasteric reflex.
- Hydrocele: Presents as a large scrotal mass; fluid can be seen with transillumination.
- Spermatocele: Incidental mass at the head of the epididymis.
- Varicocele: Looks like a bag of worms; can be assessed with the Valsalva maneuver.
- Testicular Cancer: Often presents as a painless mass, with negative transillumination.
Male GU Emergencies
- Testicular torsion is a critical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Phimosis vs. Paraphimosis
- Phimosis: Inability to retract the prepuce over the glands.
- Paraphimosis: Prepuce is trapped and cannot be reduced.
Stages of Syphilis
- Primary Stage: Chancre formation, painless local infection.
- Secondary Stage: Occurs 2-12 weeks post-infection with systemic symptoms like fever, headaches, rashes.
- Latent Stage: The asymptomatic period between secondary and tertiary stages.
- Tertiary Stage: Can occur 1-30 years after initial infection, potentially leading to neurosyphilis.
Common Skin Disorders
- Furuncle: A painful, pus-filled bump caused by S. aureus.
- Carbuncle: A cluster of interconnected boils.
- Abscess: Swollen lump filled with pus from a bacterial infection.
Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms
- Associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis; highly pruritic eczema managed with gentle bathing and emollients.
- Severe cases may require topical steroids and antihistamines.
Common Agents of Skin Disorders
- Thrush: Candida.
- Impetigo: Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
- Varicella: Chickenpox caused by varicella-zoster virus.
Terminology of Skin Lesions
- Macule: Flat lesion ≤ 1 cm in size differing in color.
- Patch: Flat lesion > 1 cm in size.
- Papule: Raised lesion ≤ 1 cm in diameter, can be red, black, or brown.
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