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Questions and Answers

Which type of fracture is most common in children?

  • Greenstick Fracture
  • Salter Harris Fracture (correct)
  • Colles' Fracture
  • Spiral Fracture

    • A Colles' fracture typically occurs from a fall on an outstretched hand.

    True

    What is the primary lesion associated with primary syphilis?

  • Chancres (correct)
  • Rash
  • Abscess
  • Fever

    • What is the primary characteristic of myoclonus?

    <p>Sudden lightning movement produced by abrupt and brief muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of fracture characterized by partial compression of the cortex is called a __________ fracture.

    <p>Buckle (Torus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary syphilis can occur 1-30 years after initial infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterium is primarily responsible for furuncles?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of movements with their definitions:

    <p>Myoclonus = Sudden, brief muscle contraction Dystonia = Sustained muscle contraction causing abnormal postures Tremors = Continuous bouncing movement Bradykinesia = Slow, shuffling gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a fungal nail infection.

    <p>onychomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fracture is associated with avascular necrosis?

    <p>Scaphoid Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of syphilis with their clinical presentations:

    <p>Primary = Chancre, painless local infection Secondary = Fever, headache, rash Latent = Period between secondary and tertiary stages Tertiary = Can lead to neurosyphilis and cardiosyphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pediatric fractures typically do not involve the growth plate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbuncle?

    <p>A cluster of interconnected boils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Brown-Sequard syndrome characterized by?

    <p>Hemisection of the spinal cord causing motor and sensory deficits on opposite sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ fracture is often the result of muscle pulling away from the bone.

    <p>Apophyseal Avulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary stage of syphilis occurs 2-12 weeks after initial infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two potential sequelae of varicella?

    <p>Diffuse vesicular rash and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common secondary sign of a fracture on X-ray?

    <p>Joint Effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what Tanner stage does menarche typically occur?

    <p>Tanner 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult breast contours are present in Tanner stage 4.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical visible sign of a hydrocele?

    <p>Extreme scrotal mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A penile condition where the prepuce cannot be retracted is called __________.

    <p>phimosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the male genital abnormalities with their characteristics:

    <p>Torsion = Elevated testicle and horizontal position Varicocele = Looks like a bag of worms with Valsalva maneuver Spermatocele = Incidental scrotal mass at head of epididymis Cancer = Often painless mass with negative transillumination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common age range for a female to reach Tanner stage 3?

    <p>11.5-13 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testicular cancer is usually asymptomatic in its early stages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cremasteric reflex associated with?

    <p>Testicular torsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection can cause an abscess?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary organisms causing impetigo are E. coli and staphylococcus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for scabies?

    <p>Permethrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An abscess is a _____ lump filled with pus that can develop anywhere in the body.

    <p>painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organisms with the conditions they cause:

    <p>Candida = Thrush Staphylococcus = Impetigo Herpes zoster = Shingles Human parvovirus = Erythema infectiosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of atopic dermatitis?

    <p>Dry skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Topical steroids and antihistamines may be used for severe cases of atopic dermatitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for localized ringworm infection?

    <p>Topical antifungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for acne in teenagers?

    <p>Benzoyl peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rosacea commonly presents with comedones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by honey-colored crust lesions and commonly affects children?

    <p>Impetigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fungal infection caused by Candida albicans is known as _____.

    <p>Thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skin lesions with their definitions:

    <p>Macule = A flat, non-palpable skin lesion ≤ 1 cm Patch = A flat skin lesion &gt; 1 cm Papule = A raised, palpable skin lesion ≤ 1 cm Pustule = A raised lesion filled with pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with folliculitis?

    <p>Oral antibiotics are the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Azelaic acid is used for treating rosacea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for shingles caused by the varicella virus?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Fractures

    • Common fractures: Buckle, avulsion, greenstick, stress, compound, spiral, Colles', and Salter Harris.
    • Radial Head Fracture: Often occurs in the elbow.
    • Supracondylar Fracture: Most common in children, indicated by the posterior fat pad sign.
    • Scaphoid Fracture: Affects the wrist/hand, may lead to avascular necrosis.
    • Spiral Fracture: Typically occurs in fibula or tibia.
    • Colles’ Fracture: Related to falls from an outstretched hand; may require surgery and splinting.
    • Salter Harris Fracture: Involves the growth plate; Type 2 is the most common in pediatrics.
    • Buckle (Torus) Fracture: Incomplete fracture caused by partial compression of the cortex, commonly found in long bones, especially wrist.
    • Greenstick Fracture: Incomplete fracture that leaves a portion of the cortex intact; may require manipulation to reset.
    • Apophyseal Avulsion Fracture: Apophysis torn from bone by muscle, commonly at anterior superior iliac crest and tibial tubercle.
    • Toddler’s Spiral Fracture: Typically seen in children, often in distal tibia.

    Secondary Signs of Fracture on X-Ray

    • Joint Effusion: Indicates potential injury or fracture.
    • Periosteal Reaction: May suggest healing; also known as callus formation.

    Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease

    • Motor Symptoms: Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, postural instability, speech difficulties, blurred vision, and dysphagia.
    • Nonmotor Symptoms: Include constipation, sexual dysfunction, urinary issues, depression/anxiety, dementia, and insomnia.

    Causes of Chorea

    • Hyperkinetic Movement: Characterized by involuntary, abrupt, irregular movements.
    • Hereditary Causes: Huntington’s disease and Wilson's disease.
    • Drug-Related: Neuroleptics and dopaminergic drugs.
    • Toxic Metabolic Causes: Alcohol, carbon dioxide, and thyrotoxicosis.
    • Immunologic Triggers: Lupus erythematosus or streptococcus infections.
    • Pregnancy and Vascular Issues can also induce chorea.

    Movement Control Mechanisms

    • Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle contractions; can be seen in epilepsy or as hiccups.
    • Dystonia: Sustained muscle contractions causing abnormal postures or repetitive twisting.
    • Tremors: Continuous movements; types include resting (Parkinson's), postural (essential), and action tremors (cerebellar outflow).

    Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology

    • Impaired copper excretion into bile leading to copper toxicity and liver damage.
    • Copper also fails to incorporate into ceruloplasmin, causing tissue accumulation.

    Tanner Stages of Puberty

    • Tanner Stage 1: Prepubertal changes in pubic hair and genitalia.
    • Tanner Stage 2 (11.5-13 years): Development of coarse curly pubic hair and initial breast tissue growth.
    • Tanner Stage 3 (12-15 years): Adult pubic hair without thigh spread, secondary mound formation in breasts, menarche occurrence.
    • Tanner Stage 4 (Over 15 years): Adult hair reaches thighs, adult breast contours are present.

    Identifying Testicular Abnormalities

    • Testicular Torsion: Characterized by an elevated, horizontally positioned testicle, with loss of cremasteric reflex.
    • Hydrocele: Presents as a large scrotal mass; fluid can be seen with transillumination.
    • Spermatocele: Incidental mass at the head of the epididymis.
    • Varicocele: Looks like a bag of worms; can be assessed with the Valsalva maneuver.
    • Testicular Cancer: Often presents as a painless mass, with negative transillumination.

    Male GU Emergencies

    • Testicular torsion is a critical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

    Phimosis vs. Paraphimosis

    • Phimosis: Inability to retract the prepuce over the glands.
    • Paraphimosis: Prepuce is trapped and cannot be reduced.

    Stages of Syphilis

    • Primary Stage: Chancre formation, painless local infection.
    • Secondary Stage: Occurs 2-12 weeks post-infection with systemic symptoms like fever, headaches, rashes.
    • Latent Stage: The asymptomatic period between secondary and tertiary stages.
    • Tertiary Stage: Can occur 1-30 years after initial infection, potentially leading to neurosyphilis.

    Common Skin Disorders

    • Furuncle: A painful, pus-filled bump caused by S. aureus.
    • Carbuncle: A cluster of interconnected boils.
    • Abscess: Swollen lump filled with pus from a bacterial infection.

    Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms

    • Associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis; highly pruritic eczema managed with gentle bathing and emollients.
    • Severe cases may require topical steroids and antihistamines.

    Common Agents of Skin Disorders

    • Thrush: Candida.
    • Impetigo: Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
    • Varicella: Chickenpox caused by varicella-zoster virus.

    Terminology of Skin Lesions

    • Macule: Flat lesion ≤ 1 cm in size differing in color.
    • Patch: Flat lesion > 1 cm in size.
    • Papule: Raised lesion ≤ 1 cm in diameter, can be red, black, or brown.

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