Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Grades

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What is the difference between Grade 3 and Grade 4 edema?

Grade 3: 6 mm deep pit with dependent extremity full and swollen. Grade 4: 8 mm deep pit with dependent extremity grossly distorted.

What are the common causes of restricted chest wall excursion?

Lobar pneumonia, scoliosis, muscle weakness, paralysis, or a surgical incision.

How is the normal chest wall excursion measured?

About 3.25 inches (8.5 cm) in a young adult between 20 and 30 years of age, using a tape measure at the level of the axilla and xiphoid.

What is the method for evaluating apical or upper lobe motion?

The physical therapist places hands over the anterior chest, with the heel of the hand at the fourth rib level and the fingertips reaching toward the upper trapezii. Signup and view all the answers

How is Chest Wall Excursion useful in patient evaluation?

It allows the therapist to observe a baseline level to measure progress or decline in a patient's condition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the rebound time in edema evaluation?

It indicates the severity of edema, with Grade 3 rebounding in up to 30 seconds and Grade 4 rebounding in more than 30 seconds. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key anatomic structures in the topographic anatomic landmarks of the chest?

Sternum, clavicles, suprasternal notch, sternomanubrial angle, costal angle, vertebra prominens Signup and view all the answers

What are the three vertical lines in the anterior view of the thorax?

Midsternal line, midclavicular lines, anterior axillary line Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal configuration of the thoracic cage?

Elliptically shaped when free of disease, with an AP-to-lateral diameter of 1:2 or 5:7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal respiratory rate range in adults?

Between 14 and 20 breaths per minute Signup and view all the answers

How is jugular venous distention (JVD) helpful in clinical evaluation?

Bilateral distention indicates congestive heart failure (CHF), while unilateral distension suggests a localized problem Signup and view all the answers

What are some visual inspection points to note during physical examination of the chest?

Skin color, scars, bruises, presence of clubbing of the digits, and signs of trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the true physiological position for humans according to the text?

Upright position Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of side-lying positions on oxygen transport?

Intermediate between upright and supine Signup and view all the answers

Which position is considered nonphysiological and deleterious to oxygen transport?

Recumbent supine position Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the head-down position mentioned in the text?

Augments oxygen transport Signup and view all the answers

What does the side-lying position accentuate at the expense of during chest wall expansion?

Anteroposterior expansion at the expense of transverse excursion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the active cycle of breathing technique?

Consists of repeated cycles of three ventilatory phases Signup and view all the answers

Why may some patients not tolerate the amount or frequency of exercise required for airway clearance?

They may not tolerate it as the sole method of airway clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential contraindication for using exercise in patients with certain conditions?

Exercise-induced bronchospasm Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated before the inhalation of bronchodilator medications during airway clearance maneuvers?

Allow for optimal deposition of medication Signup and view all the answers

Why is the upright position considered optimal for movement in humans according to the text?

It reflects the requirements of daily activities Signup and view all the answers