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Questions and Answers
What is described as a destructive force acting upon an otherwise normal developing structure?
Which of the following is a known teratogen that can induce birth defects?
What percentage of congenital malformations have an unknown cause?
Which type of perinatal infection is most often caused by bacterial flora from the vaginal canal?
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Which of the following birth weights is considered very low birth weight (VLBW)?
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What group of infections, known as ToRCHEeS, can spread transplacentally during pregnancy?
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What is the primary factor that differentiates prematurity from Small for Gestational Age (SGA)?
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In the context of congenital anomalies, what does malformation refer to?
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What primarily makes children more susceptible to infections compared to adults?
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Congenital anomalies are most commonly the result of which type of factors?
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When during development are intrauterine insults generally more detrimental to the fetus?
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What distinguishes cleft lip from a deformation?
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What is a key characteristic of the anatomical differences between children and adults?
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Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for perinatal infections?
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What factor is least likely to contribute to congenital anomalies?
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Which of the following statements about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is true?
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Study Notes
Pediatric Pathology Overview
- Children exhibit distinct anatomical and physiological characteristics, impacting disease presentation compared to adults.
- Immune systems in children are less efficient, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
- Children have a different range of tumors compared to adults.
Congenital Anomalies
- Malformation: Inherent abnormalities during the embryonic period (e.g., cleft lip), often multifactorial with genetic and environmental influences.
- Deformation: Extrinsic forces affecting normally developing structures, often due to restricted fetal movement during the fetal period.
- Disruption: Damage to a developing structure caused by destructive forces like amniotic bands, occurring during or after the fetal period.
- Approximately 3% of infants are born with a significant malformation.
Causes of Congenital Malformations
- Unknown causes account for 40-60% of cases.
- Genetic factors often involve chromosomal abnormalities, typically non-hereditary.
- Environmental influences include teratogens and infections.
- Multifactorial origins, combining genetic and environmental factors.
Teratogens
- Teratogens are agents that induce birth defects; examples include alcohol, thalidomide, and isotretinoin.
- About 1% of malformations can be attributed to teratogenic exposures.
- The timing of exposure during gestation influences the type and severity of malformations:
- Embryonic stage: Most susceptible, impacts organogenesis.
- Fetal stage: Affects growth retardation and brain development.
Perinatal Infections
- Severity of perinatal infections is influenced by timing of the infection during gestation.
- Two modes of transmission:
- Ascending (Transcervical): Bacterial infections (e.g., Streptococcus agalactiae), leading to chorioamnionitis and neonatal pneumonia.
- Transplacental: Hematogenous spread from mother, encompassing infections like Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, herpes, hepatitis B, HIV, and syphilis.
- Symptoms of transplacental infections can include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, pneumonia, cerebral calcifications, and developmental impairments.
Birth Weight Classifications
- Normal birth weight: Greater than 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs).
- Low birth weight (LBW): Less than or equal to 2,500 grams.
- Very low birth weight (VLBW): Less than 1,500 grams (3.3 lbs).
Prematurity and Associated Conditions
- Prematurity: Defined as birth occurring before term, which can lead to fetal edema due to inadequate oxygen supply.
- Hydrops categories:
- Immune Hydrops: Result of antibody-induced hemolytic disease in newborns.
- Nonimmune Hydrops: The most common form, caused by other factors.
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Description
Explore the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of children that influence disease presentation. This quiz covers congenital anomalies, their causes, and the difference between malformations, deformations, and disruptions. Test your knowledge on pediatric pathology and understand the distinct health challenges faced by children.
