Pediatric Oncology Overview

Categorization of malignancies from Stage I to IV based on prognosis.

Includes multiple TNM stages like T4N0M0, indicating advanced local disease.

Staging system for female reproductive cancers based on invasion and spread features.

Staging for lymphoma that measures lymph node involvement and presence of B symptoms.

Symptoms like night sweats, fevers, and weight loss critical for lymphoma staging.

Divided into limited or extensive disease based on radiation treatment candidates.

Measure of a patient's overall health, affecting treatment decisions and outcomes.

Assessment of how aggressive a tumor is, influencing treatment choices and prognosis.

Annual or biennial screening with faecal occult blood testing reduces mortality by 16-27%.

Colonoscopy is performed every 10 years for checking colorectal cancer.

Low-dose CT for heavy smokers aged 55-74 reduces mortality but isn't a substitute for quitting smoking.

Prostate PSA, chest X-ray, and self-examinations for breast and testis show poor effectiveness.

A statistical distortion affecting results, can lead to incorrect conclusions about screening effectiveness.

Time between early detection and usual diagnosis affecting the perceived effectiveness of screening.

Men and women over 50 years old are at increased risk for colorectal cancer.

Testing for ovarian cancer using Ca125 and ultrasound lacks effectiveness.

Combines HPV testing and Pap smear for cervical cancer screening in women aged 30-65.

Test for human papillomavirus infections which may lead to cervical cancer, not recommended under 30.

Screening test that detects early cell changes and cervical cancer.

American Cancer Society advises not to have Pap tests annually; frequency extends based on age and risk.

X-ray imaging used to detect breast tumors at undetectable stages, primarily for women over 50.

Mammography reduces breast cancer deaths by 25% in women over 50.

The effectiveness and value of mammography in women under 50 is uncertain.

Women at high risk for cervical cancer may need more frequent screening.

Cranial radiation therapy before age 5 may lower IQ.

Histologic confirmation is essential for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment can begin without histopathological confirmation in cases of palliative care.

Cachexia involves progressive weakness, malaise, anorexia, and muscle wasting.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to cachexia through muscle wasting.

Anemia in cancer may arise from rapid tumor growth or treatment-induced myelosuppression.

HER2 positive status is a negative prognostic factor but positive predictive factor for treatment response.

p16 positive oropharyngeal tumors indicate a positive predictive factor for radiotherapy response.

Presence of immature myeloid cells and nucleated RBCs indicates tumor invasion in the bone marrow, common in breast cancer.

Common issues include thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and a hypercoagulable state in cancers.

Second leading cause of death in children, after accidents.

Cancer occurrence peaks at two ages: 15 years old.

Most common type of childhood leukemia, often affecting younger children.

Most common soft tissue sarcoma in children with favorable prognosis in stages I/II.

Most common brain tumor in young children, usually benign.

Common brain cancer seen primarily in children, with a survival rate of 80%.

Skin manifestation indicating metastatic disease in children, specifically infantile neuroblastoma.

Genetic condition associated with Wilms tumor, caused by WT1 mutation.

A cancerous growth that invades surrounding tissues.

Elevated calcium levels in the blood, often linked to malignancy.

A condition causing excessive ACTH production, related to malignancies.

A paraneoplastic syndrome resembling myasthenia gravis, with muscle weakness.

An inflammatory disease causing muscle weakness and skin rash, linked to cancer.

Bone formation and joint pain often associated with lung cancer.

Obstruction of the superior vena cava often caused by lung cancer.

A form of breast cancer where the nipple area changes, often associated with other cancers.

General symptoms indicating lymphoma: weight loss, night sweats, fever.

A left supraclavicular lymph node indicating abdominal cancer.

A metastatic tumor on the ovary, often from gastric cancer.

A system to classify cancer stages based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.

A metastatic tumor felt in the rectal examination indicating pelvic cancer.

A palpable nodule in the umbilicus indicating intra-abdominal cancer.