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Questions and Answers
What clinical manifestation is commonly observed in infants with hydrocephalus?
What clinical manifestation is commonly observed in infants with hydrocephalus?
Which of the following is a common intervention for bacterial meningitis?
Which of the following is a common intervention for bacterial meningitis?
Which symptom would NOT typically be associated with Reye syndrome?
Which symptom would NOT typically be associated with Reye syndrome?
What does the pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale primarily assess?
What does the pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale primarily assess?
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Which diagnostic tool is most commonly used to evaluate a concussion?
Which diagnostic tool is most commonly used to evaluate a concussion?
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What condition is most likely indicated by the presence of altered consciousness, headache, and paralysis?
What condition is most likely indicated by the presence of altered consciousness, headache, and paralysis?
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In pediatric patients, which sign often indicates increased intracranial pressure?
In pediatric patients, which sign often indicates increased intracranial pressure?
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Which factor is a known risk for developing Reye syndrome in children?
Which factor is a known risk for developing Reye syndrome in children?
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What is the fluid loss percentage that defines severe dehydration?
What is the fluid loss percentage that defines severe dehydration?
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What is a common assessment finding in a patient with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
What is a common assessment finding in a patient with atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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Which of the following symptoms is most associated with sickle cell crisis?
Which of the following symptoms is most associated with sickle cell crisis?
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What is the first-line treatment for a patient diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta?
What is the first-line treatment for a patient diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta?
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What characterizes the pathophysiology of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
What characterizes the pathophysiology of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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What type of intervention is appropriate for a newborn with transposition of the great vessels?
What type of intervention is appropriate for a newborn with transposition of the great vessels?
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Which complication is associated with Kawasaki disease?
Which complication is associated with Kawasaki disease?
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What degree of blood loss is considered moderate dehydration?
What degree of blood loss is considered moderate dehydration?
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Which diagnostic test is used for bacterial meningitis?
Which diagnostic test is used for bacterial meningitis?
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What is a major precipitating factor for a sickle cell crisis?
What is a major precipitating factor for a sickle cell crisis?
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What is the primary cause of Down syndrome?
What is the primary cause of Down syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a common complication of Down syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a common complication of Down syndrome?
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What is a characteristic assessment finding in a child with epiglottitis?
What is a characteristic assessment finding in a child with epiglottitis?
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What is the most appropriate immediate intervention for a child presenting with suspected epiglottitis?
What is the most appropriate immediate intervention for a child presenting with suspected epiglottitis?
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Which assessment finding is typical for a child with croup?
Which assessment finding is typical for a child with croup?
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Which diagnostic test is primarily used to confirm cystic fibrosis?
Which diagnostic test is primarily used to confirm cystic fibrosis?
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What symptom can indicate a potentially severe complication of tonsillectomy
What symptom can indicate a potentially severe complication of tonsillectomy
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What developmental characteristic is commonly assessed in children with an unaltered level of consciousness?
What developmental characteristic is commonly assessed in children with an unaltered level of consciousness?
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Which condition is primarily caused by RSV in infants?
Which condition is primarily caused by RSV in infants?
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Which statement reflects a misconception about the management of tonsillectomy post-operative care?
Which statement reflects a misconception about the management of tonsillectomy post-operative care?
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Which statement about spina bifida is true?
Which statement about spina bifida is true?
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What is a typical clinical finding in a child with scoliosis?
What is a typical clinical finding in a child with scoliosis?
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Which treatment is commonly used for juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
Which treatment is commonly used for juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
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Which type of fracture is characterized by not penetrating the skin?
Which type of fracture is characterized by not penetrating the skin?
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What complication is associated with major burns?
What complication is associated with major burns?
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What is a key characteristic of atopic dermatitis?
What is a key characteristic of atopic dermatitis?
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by which of the following symptoms?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by which of the following symptoms?
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Which method is used to assess the severity of a burn?
Which method is used to assess the severity of a burn?
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What is the best intervention for managing contact dermatitis?
What is the best intervention for managing contact dermatitis?
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What’s a typical treatment strategy for otitis media?
What’s a typical treatment strategy for otitis media?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of a burn?
Which of the following is a common symptom of a burn?
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What is the main treatment for a child diagnosed with Wilms tumor?
What is the main treatment for a child diagnosed with Wilms tumor?
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Which dietary recommendation is suggested for a child with cystic fibrosis?
Which dietary recommendation is suggested for a child with cystic fibrosis?
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What is the primary challenge faced by a child with spina bifida?
What is the primary challenge faced by a child with spina bifida?
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Which condition is characterized by the inability to retract the foreskin?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to retract the foreskin?
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What typical sign indicates a serious complication in fractures?
What typical sign indicates a serious complication in fractures?
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What is a common risk factor for urinary tract infections in children?
What is a common risk factor for urinary tract infections in children?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation?
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What is the primary intervention for a child with Hirschsprung disease?
What is the primary intervention for a child with Hirschsprung disease?
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What type of pain is commonly associated with endometriosis?
What type of pain is commonly associated with endometriosis?
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In the assessment of intussusception, which stool characteristic may be observed?
In the assessment of intussusception, which stool characteristic may be observed?
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Which is a common factor associated with primary amenorrhea?
Which is a common factor associated with primary amenorrhea?
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What is the most common assessment finding in appendicitis?
What is the most common assessment finding in appendicitis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of pyloric stenosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pyloric stenosis?
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What is the recommended intervention for managing dehydration in children?
What is the recommended intervention for managing dehydration in children?
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Which is a key assessment finding for glomerulonephritis?
Which is a key assessment finding for glomerulonephritis?
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What surgical procedure is indicated in children with cryptorchidism?
What surgical procedure is indicated in children with cryptorchidism?
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What is the first-line treatment for a urinary tract infection in children?
What is the first-line treatment for a urinary tract infection in children?
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Study Notes
Normal Growth and Development
- Includes parenting styles, infant reflexes, immunizations, genetics, pediculosis, and medical evaluations (MEDS).
Wilm's Tumor
- Pathology: Renal tumor, fast-growing, unilateral, often late diagnosis with large tumor and metastasis.
- Assessment: Palpable mass (avoid palpating abdomen or mass), pain, hypertension, and crackles.
- Treatment (Tx): Surgical removal of kidney, radiation or chemotherapy based on stage.
- Intervention: Medical home, supportive care.
Cryptorchidism
- Pathology: Undescended testicles, infertility, increased risk of testicular cancer.
- Assessment: Palpate during newborn assessment and again at 12 months.
- Treatment (Tx): Orchidopexy to release the spermatic cord.
- Intervention: Consultations and patient education.
Phimosis/Paraphimosis
- Phimosis: Foreskin cannot be retracted; common in newborns, gradually changes.
- Paraphimosis: Emergency; foreskin cannot be retracted, necrosis, swelling, discoloration, dysuria, and pain.
- Treatment (Tx): Steroid cream, circumcision, incision.
- Intervention: Hygiene (avoid forceful retraction in newborns), frequent diaper changes, gentle daily cleaning of the gland for older children, ensure proper skin drying and replacement.
Ovarian Menstrual Cycle
- Follicular Phase: Begins with day 1, ends with mature ovum development (day 14).
- Ovulatory Phase: Mature ovum release.
- Luteal Phase: Corpus luteum maintains hormone levels.
Endometrial
- Proliferative Phase: New endometrial epithelium growth.
- Secretory Phase: Thickness of 5-6mm, preparation for implantation.
- Ischemic and Menstrual Phase: Necrosis (about 5 days), 40 ml blood loss.
- Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation (primary – never had a period; secondary – had, then stopped).
- Hormonal Imbalance: Low body weight, stress.
- Possible causes of secondary amenorrhea: Low body weight, stress, hormonal imbalance, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), high androgen levels.
- Abnormal bleeding: spontaneous abortion, lesions, and drug-induced.
- Treatment: Progestin - estrogen combination oral combination, pregnancy test, ultrasound, and surgery.
Mittelschmerz and Primary Dysmenorrhea
- Mittelschmerz: Cyclic pain (most commonly in middle of the cycle).
- Primary Dysmenorrhea: Period pain.
- Endometriosis: Tissue outside of the uterus resembling endometrial tissue (asymptomatic, dysmenorrhea, infertility).
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
- Pathology: Cloudy, thick urine, noticeable mucus/pus strands in urine, foul odor.
- Risk Factors: Alkaline urine and urine retention.
- Assessment: Infants – Fever, jaundice, vomiting, failure to thrive. Children – Fever, vomiting, dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, urgency, pain.
- Diagnosis (Dx): Urinalysis (positive for blood, nitrites, leukocytes, esterase), urine culture.
- Treatment (Tx): Antibiotics (IV/PO), antipyretics, fluids.
- Intervention: Superficial heat for flank/abdominal pain.
Hirschsprung Disease
- Pathology: Lack of motility in the intestine.
- Risk Factors: Family history and Down syndrome.
- Assessment: Failure to pass meconium in the first 24 hours, abdominal distention.
- Diagnosis (Dx): Biopsy.
- Treatment (Tx): Surgical removal of impaired bowel (temporary ostomy).
- Intervention: Ostomy care and prevention of enterocolitis.
Cleft Lip
- Pathology: Congenital, detectable prenatally.
- Assessment: Inspect for incomplete lip/palate, gagging, choking, and milk regurgitation.
- Treatment (Tx): Specialized team.
- Intervention: Feeding support and consultations.
... (Remaining notes will follow the same format, expanding on the topics covering anomalies, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, glomerulonephritis, appendicitis, and so on.)
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Description
Test your knowledge on normal growth and development in children, covering topics like parenting styles, infant reflexes, and common medical conditions such as Wilm's tumor and cryptorchidism. This quiz also explores assessment and treatment strategies for various pediatric health issues.
