Child Development and Health Issues

Toddler Growth and Development

• Toddlers take steps by 15 months and stack objects at the same age.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt is a stage of development during toddlerhood
• Fine and gross motor skills develop in infants (rolling over, sitting, crawling, walking, hand-eye coordination)

Concussion

• Direct or indirect impact to head or neck.
• Seizures can occur, especially with sudden body temperature changes.

Glomerulonephritis

• Inflammation of glomerular capillaries causes impaired filtration, leading to water and sodium retention, reduced urine output, and edema.

Aplastic Anemia

• Loss of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow reduces blood cell production.

Hemophilia A

• Factor 8 deficiency leads to excessive bleeding following injury or during procedures

Hemophilia B

• Factor 9 deficiency leads to poor clotting abilities, causing excessive bleeding.

Von Willebrand Disease

• Blood clotting is impaired due to the lack of von Willebrand factor.

Tetralogy of Fallot

• Congenital heart defect with four abnormalities (ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and overriding aorta)

Cleft Lip/Palate

• Failure of facial tissues to fuse during early gestation.

Type II Diabetes

• Decreased insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia.

Cerebral Palsy

• Non-progressive motor dysfunction resulting from brain damage. This impacts muscle tone, posture, motion, sensory perception, cognition, communication, and behavior.

Pertussis

• Whooping cough: bacteria in the respiratory tract, causing mild cough to coughing spasms, thick mucus production..

Cellulitis

• Bacterial skin infection that occurs following an injury or eruption.

Poison Ivy

• Allergic reaction to urushiol oil.

HIV

• Infects cells, decreases immune function and weakens the body

Intussusception

• Part of the intestine telescopes into another part, leading to edema, obstruction, ischemia, and potential necrosis.

Meningitis

• Fever, headache, neck pain, and light sensitivity

Osteosarcoma

• Pain and swelling over the tumor site.

Sickle Cell

• Early symptoms include pain, restlessness, excessive crying, and later symptoms like anemia, blood clots, kidney disease, and pulmonary hypertension.

Coarctation of the Aorta

• Narrowing of the aorta, causing pallor, irritability, dyspnea, and absent femoral pulses with murmur.

Atrial Septal Defect

• Heart defect causing arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, infections, and a soft murmur.

Pneumonia

• Bacterial or viral infections resulting in fever, cough, poor feeding, nasal drainage or sore throat .

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

• Bowing in legs, barrel shape chest, sclera discoloration, mild reduced collagen type 1, spinal curvature, hearing loss, and triangular face (Type 1 mild, Type 2 severe)

Achondroplasia

• Short stature, an enlarged head, crooked teeth, spinal cord compression, hearing impairment, and neuro issues.

Diaper Dermatitis

• Maintain diaper area clean, dry, and change frequently. Hydrocortisone ointment.

Dyslipidemia

• Elevated lipid levels; statins and lifestyle changes can help.

Acne

• Topical agents, oral antibiotics, and isotretinoin, used cautiously, are treatment options.

Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

• Oral antiviral drugs can help. Ibuprofen and plenty of fluids.

Transmission-based precautions

• Contact precautions (drain wounds, C. diff, scabies, MDROs); droplet precautions (influenza, mumps, pertussis, RSV, meningitis, diphtheria); airborne precautions (TB, chicken pox, measles).

Inhaler use

• Shake, breathe out, inhale, hold breath, and breathe out. SABA during attack , LABA daily

Diabetes Insipidus vs Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

• DI is a large fluid loss from urination, DM is an inability to produce insulin

This quiz covers various aspects of toddler growth and development, including motor skills and emotional stages. It also addresses health conditions such as concussions, glomerulonephritis, aplastic anemia, and different types of hemophilia. Test your knowledge on these important topics related to pediatric health.