Pediatric Endocrinology and Gastroenterology Quiz

A condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells (RBCs) and a reduced blood volume.

A condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells (RBCs) and a reduced blood volume.

A condition characterized by increased red blood cell production.

The first stage of blood loss, characterized by a rapid decrease in blood volume.

The mechanism of compensation during blood loss, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular system.

The process of restoring blood volume after a hemorrhage, involves redistribution of water and activation of the coagulation system.

The hormone produced by the adrenal gland that plays a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

A condition where the thyroid gland is enlarged and the individual experiences symptoms of hypothyroidism such as constipation, cold intolerance, and fatigue.

A type of diarrhea characterized by large, watery stools, often with an increased frequency of bowel movements. It is a hallmark of malabsorption syndromes, where the body cannot properly absorb nutrients, leading to undigested food passing through the intestines.

The eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is crucial in treating chronic gastroduodenitis in children. Quadruple therapy, involving a combination of 4 different medications, is widely considered the most effective treatment regimen due its higher success rate in eliminating the bacteria and preventing recurrence.

Pain in the epigastrium, the area between the breastbone and the belly button, that appears 1.5 to 2 hours after eating is a classic symptom of a duodenal ulcer. This delay suggests that the pain results from the emptying of the stomach contents into the duodenum, irritating the ulcerated area.

Dark-colored vomit, known as hematemesis, most commonly originates from a gastric ulcer. The presence of blood in the vomit indicates bleeding in the stomach, often due to the erosion of the ulcer's lining.

Steroid-induced ulcers are a complication of long-term corticosteroid use. While antibiotics, sparing diets, and antisecretory drugs aim to suppress gastric acid production and protect the stomach lining, abolition of prednisolone (a type of corticosteroid) is the essential treatment step to prevent further ulcer development.

In a newly diagnosed duodenal ulcer, a Helicobacter pylori test is crucial to determine treatment tactics. The presence of H. pylori infection dictates the need for eradication therapy to prevent ulcer recurrence and complications.

The most common factor causing biliary tract dysfunction is burdened heredity (genetic predisposition). It increases the risk of developing gallstones, inflammation, and other biliary tract disorders. This genetic influence often combines with other factors, such as diet and lifestyle, to contribute to the development of these conditions.

Colic is a common condition in infants, characterized by periods of excessive crying, fussiness, and gas. This condition often appears during the evening hours and resolves spontaneously without any underlying medical cause. It is usually triggered by a variety of factors like feeding practices, intestinal gas buildup, or immaturity of the digestive system.

Type 1 helper T cells (T h 1) are a subset of T lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity. They produce cytokines like IL-2 and TNF, which stimulate inflammation and promote the activation of other immune cells.

IL-6 and IL-10 are cytokines that play a crucial role in regulating inflammation. While IL-6 can contribute to inflammation, IL-10 is primarily known for its anti-inflammatory actions, helping to control and resolve inflammatory responses.

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by inflammation, ulcers, and narrowing of the affected area.

Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug commonly used to treat Crohn's disease. It works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, reducing inflammation and helping to control the symptoms of the disease.

Infliximab is a type of medication known as a biologic. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets a specific protein involved in inflammation, TNF-alpha. By blocking TNF-alpha, infliximab helps to reduce inflammation and control the symptoms of Crohn's disease.

Pyoderma gangrenosum, peripheral arthropathy, aphthous ulcers, episcleritis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis are all extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease, meaning they occur outside the digestive system. These manifestations can impact various organs and systems.

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves inserting needles into specific points on the body. While it is sometimes used as a complementary therapy for Crohn's disease, its effectiveness in managing the symptoms is not fully supported by scientific evidence.

5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) medications are a type of drug specifically targeted at the management of IBD. These medications help to reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, which is a key aspect of Crohn's and ulcerative colitis.

A condition characterized by blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, indicating low blood oxygen levels.

A harsh, high-pitched breathing sound, often heard in children with respiratory conditions.

A heart murmur that is heard during the contraction phase of the heart, indicating a problem with the blood flow through the heart.

A heart murmur that is heard during the relaxation phase of the heart, indicating a problem with the blood flow back to the heart.

A heart condition where the heart muscle weakens and becomes unable to pump blood effectively.

A condition where the heart does not develop properly before birth, leading to various heart defects.

A heart defect where there is a hole between the two lower chambers of the heart.

A heart defect where there is a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart.

A measure of the amount of vitamin D in the blood, specifically the form that is bound to a protein.

The form of vitamin D that is active and can be used by the body.

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood.

A deficiency of folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, which is essential for cell growth and DNA synthesis.

A condition that occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to allergens, causing inflammation of the nasal passages.

Hypothyroidism in a child can be suspected if the mother has thyroid disease, the child has a family history of thyroid disease, or if the child lives in an iodine-deficient area.

Elevated TSH, reduced free T4, and elevated antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (AB-to-TPO) indicate hypothyroidism in children.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is caused by an immune reaction between Rh-positive fetal red blood cells and Rh-negative maternal antibodies.

Exchange transfusion, a procedure performed to replace an infant's blood with compatible donor blood, is often done through the umbilical vein.

Osteitis, inflammation of the bone, can be a feature of congenital rubella syndrome, a condition caused by infection with the rubella virus during pregnancy.