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Questions and Answers
What is the most likely urine odor of a 3-year-old boy with hyperactivity, mild mental retardation, and repeated projectile vomiting?
What is the most appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis of a 5-year-old girl with mental retardation, repeated convulsions, and abnormal EEG findings?
What probable coagulation profile is indicated for a 7-year-old boy with a swollen painful knee and excessive bleeding from skin cuts?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a child with multiple petechiae, low platelet count, and a history of URTI 8 days prior?
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What might be a critical finding in a 3-year-old boy with microcephaly and exaggerated tendon reflexes?
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Which skin condition is associated with a 5-year-old girl who has light skin and exaggerated reflexes?
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Chest CT is particularly important in the evaluation of which type of lesions?
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Which clinical feature is highly suggestive of Enthesitis-Related Arthritis (ERA)?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for dialysis in acute kidney injury?
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Microthrombocytes are most likely to be seen in which condition?
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What is the most appropriate treatment for homocystinuria?
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What is the most common genetic cause of Prader-Willi syndrome?
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What is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 21 kg child over 24 hours?
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Which test is required periodically for persons with Down syndrome?
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What triggers the closure of the ductus arteriosus in newborns?
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Which imaging modality is most useful in diagnosing bronchiolitis and assessing its severity?
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Which maternal condition is associated with an increased risk of birth asphyxia?
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Which grading system is commonly used to classify the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage?
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Which of the following clinical signs is suggestive of intraventricular hemorrhage in a preterm infant?
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Which is false about the management of Hemorrhage Disorder?
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Which is false about coagulation tests during Vitamin K deficiency?
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A 12-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome secondary to hepatitis B infection is most likely to have which type of secondary nephrotic syndrome?
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Study Notes
Clinical Presentations and Diagnoses
- A 3-year-old boy exhibits hyperactivity and mild mental retardation, projectile vomiting, eczematoid rash, microcephaly, and mild spasticity; likely has a specific metabolic disorder.
- A 5-year-old girl with mental retardation and convulsions shows light skin and small head; diagnosis to be confirmed by EEG findings.
- A 7-year-old boy with a swollen knee and excessive bleeding suggests a bleeding disorder; coagulation profile may indicate hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.
- A child with multiple petechiae post-URTI likely has immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) due to low platelet counts.
- Chest CT is crucial for evaluating cystic parenchymal lesions; less so for certain other types.
Enthesitis-Related Arthritis (ERA)
- ERA is a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis characterized by arthritis and enthesitis, often manifesting as tenderness at the entheses (attachment sites of tendons to bone).
Dialysis Indications and Procedures
- Indications for dialysis in acute kidney injury include electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, fluid overload, but some conditions may not require it.
- Therapeutic hypothermia can reduce death and disability in perinatal asphyxia cases when initiated promptly.
Coagulation and Hematopoiesis
- Microthrombocytes are commonly seen in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), often associated with bleeding disorders.
- Hematopoiesis transitions from the yolk sac to the liver during the fourth week of gestation; the liver becomes the primary site.
Clinical Management
- Folic acid is the primary treatment for homocystinuria; early interventions can prevent complications.
- Screening tests for sickle cell disease can identify complications like central nervous system symptoms to prevent stroke.
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome secondary to hepatitis B infection.
Diagnostic Imaging and Hemorrhage Management
- Imaging modalities for bronchiolitis assessment include chest X-ray and ultrasound; CT is less commonly utilized.
- Intraventricular hemorrhage management often involves supportive care, monitoring, and possibly surgical interventions.
Neonatal Physiology and Congenital Conditions
- Ductus arteriosus closure is triggered by increased oxygenation and decreased prostaglandins after birth.
- Grading for intraventricular hemorrhage severity is often achieved using the Papile classification system.
- Clinical signs of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants include lethargy, hypotonia, and seizures.
Maternal and Neonatal Conditions
- Maternal conditions like preeclampsia or prolonged labor can heighten birth asphyxia risks.
- The transition from fetal to neonatal circulation features increased pulmonary resistance and decreased systemic resistance after birth.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pediatric case studies focusing on hyperactivity, mental retardation, and neurological symptoms. The quiz presents scenarios involving young children, requiring an understanding of their clinical presentations and possible urine odors. Assess your understanding of these complex conditions and their implications.
