Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characteristic is specific to ventricular septal defect compared to other heart defects?
What characteristic is specific to ventricular septal defect compared to other heart defects?
- It involves a hole between the two ventricles. (correct)
- It involves a hole between the two atria.
- It is a condition that causes decreased blood flow to the lungs.
- It is associated with narrowed blood vessels.
Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with rheumatic fever?
Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with rheumatic fever?
- Joint pain (correct)
- Shortness of breath
- Skin rash
- Chronic cough
What differentiates primary hypertension from secondary hypertension in children?
What differentiates primary hypertension from secondary hypertension in children?
- Primary hypertension is always inherited.
- Secondary hypertension results from another medical condition. (correct)
- Secondary hypertension is more common in adolescents.
- Primary hypertension has more severe symptoms.
Which heart-healthy guideline is essential for children to prevent cardiovascular disorders?
Which heart-healthy guideline is essential for children to prevent cardiovascular disorders?
Kawasaki disease is characterized by which of the following manifestations?
Kawasaki disease is characterized by which of the following manifestations?
What is the ideal instructor to student ratio mentioned for effective teaching?
What is the ideal instructor to student ratio mentioned for effective teaching?
Which of the following materials is NOT listed as required for student use?
Which of the following materials is NOT listed as required for student use?
How does the structure of an infant's cardiovascular system differ from that of an adult?
How does the structure of an infant's cardiovascular system differ from that of an adult?
What equipment is required for an instructor to present effectively in the classroom?
What equipment is required for an instructor to present effectively in the classroom?
Which cardiovascular sign may indicate a critical condition in a child?
Which cardiovascular sign may indicate a critical condition in a child?
Which factor is NOT identified as a potential cause of congenital heart defects?
Which factor is NOT identified as a potential cause of congenital heart defects?
The condition described when a child shows visual pulsations in the neck veins is likely related to which of the following?
The condition described when a child shows visual pulsations in the neck veins is likely related to which of the following?
What should an instructor do before presenting a lesson on cardiovascular disorders?
What should an instructor do before presenting a lesson on cardiovascular disorders?
When does the cardiovascular system typically begin to develop in a fetus?
When does the cardiovascular system typically begin to develop in a fetus?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with congenital cardiac problems in infants?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with congenital cardiac problems in infants?
What type of learning approach is recommended for discussing the differences in the cardiovascular system of infants and adults?
What type of learning approach is recommended for discussing the differences in the cardiovascular system of infants and adults?
Which of the following best describes why congenital heart defects are not a problem during fetal development?
Which of the following best describes why congenital heart defects are not a problem during fetal development?
When presenting a lesson, which media type is being used in this format?
When presenting a lesson, which media type is being used in this format?
What is the primary cause of death during the first year of life among congenital anomalies?
What is the primary cause of death during the first year of life among congenital anomalies?
Which of the following best describes defects that increase pulmonary blood flow?
Which of the following best describes defects that increase pulmonary blood flow?
What is the usual treatment approach for ventricular septal defects (VSD) in children?
What is the usual treatment approach for ventricular septal defects (VSD) in children?
Atrial septal defect (ASD) generally results in blood flowing from which chamber to which chamber?
Atrial septal defect (ASD) generally results in blood flowing from which chamber to which chamber?
Which type of heart murmur is characteristic of a ventricular septal defect?
Which type of heart murmur is characteristic of a ventricular septal defect?
What is hypothermia used for during cardiac surgery?
What is hypothermia used for during cardiac surgery?
What procedure is a common treatment for an atrial septal defect?
What procedure is a common treatment for an atrial septal defect?
In congenital heart disease, what does a shunt refer to?
In congenital heart disease, what does a shunt refer to?
What characterizes the treatment of many congenital heart defects?
What characterizes the treatment of many congenital heart defects?
Which congenital defect is often associated with a left-to-right shunt?
Which congenital defect is often associated with a left-to-right shunt?
What is the primary function of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine during surgery?
What is the primary function of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine during surgery?
What immediate care is usually given after surgical repair of congenital heart defects?
What immediate care is usually given after surgical repair of congenital heart defects?
What condition is characterized by an abnormal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that typically exists in fetuses?
What condition is characterized by an abnormal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that typically exists in fetuses?
What is a significant consequence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remaining open after birth?
What is a significant consequence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remaining open after birth?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as the child grows?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as the child grows?
What is the primary treatment for coarctation of the aorta in older children?
What is the primary treatment for coarctation of the aorta in older children?
Which of the following is a characteristic sign of coarctation of the aorta?
Which of the following is a characteristic sign of coarctation of the aorta?
What condition can develop if coarctation of the aorta is untreated?
What condition can develop if coarctation of the aorta is untreated?
Which diagnostic tool is particularly useful for visualizing blood flow across a patent ductus arteriosus?
Which diagnostic tool is particularly useful for visualizing blood flow across a patent ductus arteriosus?
In tetralogy of Fallot, what defect causes primary obstruction to blood flow to the lungs?
In tetralogy of Fallot, what defect causes primary obstruction to blood flow to the lungs?
What often occurs as a compensatory mechanism in response to hypoxia in conditions with decreased pulmonary blood flow?
What often occurs as a compensatory mechanism in response to hypoxia in conditions with decreased pulmonary blood flow?
What is a common positioning behavior exhibited by children with tetralogy of Fallot to ease breathing?
What is a common positioning behavior exhibited by children with tetralogy of Fallot to ease breathing?
Which of these is a treatment option for premature infants with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
Which of these is a treatment option for premature infants with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
What is the term for an unusually wide range between systolic and diastolic blood pressures?
What is the term for an unusually wide range between systolic and diastolic blood pressures?
What complication may arise after coarctation surgery that requires careful monitoring?
What complication may arise after coarctation surgery that requires careful monitoring?
What physiological alteration is most likely evident in a child with a significant difference in blood pressure between the arms and legs due to coarctation of the aorta?
What physiological alteration is most likely evident in a child with a significant difference in blood pressure between the arms and legs due to coarctation of the aorta?
What is the term used for paroxysmal hypercyanotic episodes during the first 2 years of life?
What is the term used for paroxysmal hypercyanotic episodes during the first 2 years of life?
Which diagnostic method confirms the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot?
Which diagnostic method confirms the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot?
Which surgical intervention is performed as a temporary measure for newborns with tetralogy of Fallot?
Which surgical intervention is performed as a temporary measure for newborns with tetralogy of Fallot?
When managing hypoplastic left heart syndrome, what medication is given to maintain ductus arteriosus patency?
When managing hypoplastic left heart syndrome, what medication is given to maintain ductus arteriosus patency?
What symptom is commonly associated with congestive heart failure in infants with heart defects?
What symptom is commonly associated with congestive heart failure in infants with heart defects?
Why is dental care particularly important for children with congenital heart defects?
Why is dental care particularly important for children with congenital heart defects?
Which factor does NOT typically contribute to complications in children with tetralogy of Fallot?
Which factor does NOT typically contribute to complications in children with tetralogy of Fallot?
What should parents be advised to monitor for postoperatively after open heart surgery?
What should parents be advised to monitor for postoperatively after open heart surgery?
Which approach is recommended regarding immunizations for children after cardiac transplantation?
Which approach is recommended regarding immunizations for children after cardiac transplantation?
What is a common requirement before dental procedures in children with heart defects?
What is a common requirement before dental procedures in children with heart defects?
What characteristic of skin may indicate poor oxygenation in infants with congenital heart defects?
What characteristic of skin may indicate poor oxygenation in infants with congenital heart defects?
Which of the following is NOT a defect included in tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is NOT a defect included in tetralogy of Fallot?
How should caregivers respond when a child experiences a tet spell?
How should caregivers respond when a child experiences a tet spell?
What is the recommended approach for children with congenital heart disease regarding physical activity?
What is the recommended approach for children with congenital heart disease regarding physical activity?
What is the primary purpose of using chest tubes postoperatively?
What is the primary purpose of using chest tubes postoperatively?
Why must drainage systems be kept below the level of the chest?
Why must drainage systems be kept below the level of the chest?
What is the significance of using padded Kelly clamps with chest tubes?
What is the significance of using padded Kelly clamps with chest tubes?
What is one of the most common causes of death post cardiac transplant?
What is one of the most common causes of death post cardiac transplant?
Which aspect is NOT a primary goal of care for children after cardiac surgery?
Which aspect is NOT a primary goal of care for children after cardiac surgery?
What differentiates the circulation of a newborn from that of a fetus?
What differentiates the circulation of a newborn from that of a fetus?
What defines acquired heart disease?
What defines acquired heart disease?
Which factor does NOT lead to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Which factor does NOT lead to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
What manifestation indicates right-sided heart failure?
What manifestation indicates right-sided heart failure?
Which heart condition is characterized by four specific defects?
Which heart condition is characterized by four specific defects?
Which of the following conditions typically leads to a left-to-right shunt?
Which of the following conditions typically leads to a left-to-right shunt?
What characterizes patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
What characterizes patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
What aspect of cardiac function is significantly limited in infants compared to adults?
What aspect of cardiac function is significantly limited in infants compared to adults?
What is a common complication of rheumatic fever that specifically affects the heart?
What is a common complication of rheumatic fever that specifically affects the heart?
Which of the following symptoms may indicate dehydration in children?
Which of the following symptoms may indicate dehydration in children?
What is one of the guidelines regarding the administration of digoxin?
What is one of the guidelines regarding the administration of digoxin?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible symptom of rheumatic fever?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible symptom of rheumatic fever?
What dietary recommendation is essential for patients receiving diuretics?
What dietary recommendation is essential for patients receiving diuretics?
What safe practice is recommended regarding medication administration in a cardiac unit?
What safe practice is recommended regarding medication administration in a cardiac unit?
Which should be prioritized for the management of a child with suspected rheumatic fever?
Which should be prioritized for the management of a child with suspected rheumatic fever?
During which seasons is rheumatic fever believed to have higher incidence rates among school-age children?
During which seasons is rheumatic fever believed to have higher incidence rates among school-age children?
Which of the following is NOT a method used to monitor a child under diuretic therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a method used to monitor a child under diuretic therapy?
What vital assessment should be performed on an infant receiving digoxin before administration?
What vital assessment should be performed on an infant receiving digoxin before administration?
What can prompt a worsening of symptoms in rheumatic fever?
What can prompt a worsening of symptoms in rheumatic fever?
Which of the following best describes rheumatic fever?
Which of the following best describes rheumatic fever?
Which of these health signs should alert a nurse to a child's potential dehydration?
Which of these health signs should alert a nurse to a child's potential dehydration?
What is critical information for parents of children on diuretics to understand?
What is critical information for parents of children on diuretics to understand?
What is the primary role of anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment?
What is the primary role of anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment?
In which scenario is the use of steroids indicated?
In which scenario is the use of steroids indicated?
Which observation would indicate an increased risk of CHF in an infant?
Which observation would indicate an increased risk of CHF in an infant?
What potential risk is associated with aspirin therapy?
What potential risk is associated with aspirin therapy?
What characteristic of cyanosis should a nurse particularly note?
What characteristic of cyanosis should a nurse particularly note?
What is recommended for a patient during the initial attack of rheumatic fever?
What is recommended for a patient during the initial attack of rheumatic fever?
What should nursing activities focus on to benefit a fatigued patient?
What should nursing activities focus on to benefit a fatigued patient?
In what position may an infant with CHF find relief while breathing?
In what position may an infant with CHF find relief while breathing?
What is tachycardia and why is it significant in infants suspected of having CHF?
What is tachycardia and why is it significant in infants suspected of having CHF?
Which of the following preventive measures is essential for avoiding rheumatic fever?
Which of the following preventive measures is essential for avoiding rheumatic fever?
What is a significant factor in determining an abnormal blood pressure reading in children?
What is a significant factor in determining an abnormal blood pressure reading in children?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign of CHF in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign of CHF in infants?
What should a nurse observe for in terms of skin changes when assessing for CHF?
What should a nurse observe for in terms of skin changes when assessing for CHF?
What criteria defines normal blood pressure in children?
What criteria defines normal blood pressure in children?
What feeding strategy can help an infant with suspected CHF?
What feeding strategy can help an infant with suspected CHF?
What should a nurse stress after a diagnosis of strep throat?
What should a nurse stress after a diagnosis of strep throat?
Which symptom may arise from the use of steroids?
Which symptom may arise from the use of steroids?
Why should the nurse monitor the infant's pulse before administering digitalis?
Why should the nurse monitor the infant's pulse before administering digitalis?
What change in urine output can the nurse anticipate in an infant with CHF?
What change in urine output can the nurse anticipate in an infant with CHF?
Which sign indicates that an infant with CHF might be experiencing significant respiratory distress?
Which sign indicates that an infant with CHF might be experiencing significant respiratory distress?
What is the primary purpose of administering oxygen to an infant with CHF?
What is the primary purpose of administering oxygen to an infant with CHF?
Which of the following best describes early signs of CHF that should be reported?
Which of the following best describes early signs of CHF that should be reported?
What response changes might you expect from an infant exhibiting air hunger?
What response changes might you expect from an infant exhibiting air hunger?
What is a common consequence of poor feeding in infants due to CHF?
What is a common consequence of poor feeding in infants due to CHF?
What distinguishes the polyarthritis associated with rheumatic fever from other forms of arthritis?
What distinguishes the polyarthritis associated with rheumatic fever from other forms of arthritis?
Which symptom is most indicative of Sydenham’s chorea?
Which symptom is most indicative of Sydenham’s chorea?
During which age group is rheumatic carditis most often observed?
During which age group is rheumatic carditis most often observed?
What is the typical treatment method for Sydenham's chorea?
What is the typical treatment method for Sydenham's chorea?
Which test is NOT useful in diagnosing rheumatic fever?
Which test is NOT useful in diagnosing rheumatic fever?
What characterizes erythema marginatum observed in rheumatic fever?
What characterizes erythema marginatum observed in rheumatic fever?
Which of the following criteria is NOT considered a major criterion for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
Which of the following criteria is NOT considered a major criterion for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
Which statement regarding the management of rheumatic fever is true?
Which statement regarding the management of rheumatic fever is true?
In rheumatic carditis, which heart structure is most commonly affected?
In rheumatic carditis, which heart structure is most commonly affected?
What is one potential outcome for children with untreated rheumatic carditis?
What is one potential outcome for children with untreated rheumatic carditis?
Which manifestation may occur alongside rheumatic fever indicating central nervous system involvement?
Which manifestation may occur alongside rheumatic fever indicating central nervous system involvement?
What key feature does the Jones criteria emphasize for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
What key feature does the Jones criteria emphasize for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
How does migratory polyarthritis typically present?
How does migratory polyarthritis typically present?
What underlying factors contribute to the difficulty of diagnosing rheumatic fever?
What underlying factors contribute to the difficulty of diagnosing rheumatic fever?
Flashcards
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
A congenital heart defect where there's a hole in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart (atria).
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
A congenital heart defect where there's a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
A condition where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal development, fails to close after birth.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the Aorta
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Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot
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Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
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Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics
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Left-to-Right Shunt
Left-to-Right Shunt
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Thoracotomy
Thoracotomy
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Hypothermia
Hypothermia
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Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine
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Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
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Heart-Lung Bypass Machine
Heart-Lung Bypass Machine
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Ligation
Ligation
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Pericardium
Pericardium
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What comprises the cardiovascular system?
What comprises the cardiovascular system?
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How is a child's cardiovascular system different from an adult's?
How is a child's cardiovascular system different from an adult's?
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When does the cardiovascular system develop?
When does the cardiovascular system develop?
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What is the first functional system in intrauterine life?
What is the first functional system in intrauterine life?
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What happens when cardiovascular development is incomplete?
What happens when cardiovascular development is incomplete?
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What is the purpose of fetal circulation?
What is the purpose of fetal circulation?
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How do vital signs change in a child?
How do vital signs change in a child?
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What happens if the newborn's circulation doesn't adapt?
What happens if the newborn's circulation doesn't adapt?
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What is a characteristic of newborn capillary function?
What is a characteristic of newborn capillary function?
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What is the heart rate like in newborns and infants?
What is the heart rate like in newborns and infants?
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How do children respond to decreased cardiac output?
How do children respond to decreased cardiac output?
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What is the main cause of most heart conditions in children?
What is the main cause of most heart conditions in children?
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What are some signs of suspected cardiac pathology in children?
What are some signs of suspected cardiac pathology in children?
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What is a sign of impending cardiovascular arrest in children with hypoxia?
What is a sign of impending cardiovascular arrest in children with hypoxia?
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What are some possible causes of congenital heart defects?
What are some possible causes of congenital heart defects?
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What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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What are the symptoms of PDA?
What are the symptoms of PDA?
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What is Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is Coarctation of the Aorta?
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What is the hemodynamics of coarctation?
What is the hemodynamics of coarctation?
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What is the key symptom of coarctation of the aorta?
What is the key symptom of coarctation of the aorta?
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What are the long-term consequences of untreated coarctation?
What are the long-term consequences of untreated coarctation?
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How is coarctation of the aorta surgically repaired?
How is coarctation of the aorta surgically repaired?
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What is a decrease in pulmonary blood flow?
What is a decrease in pulmonary blood flow?
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What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What are the typical symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What are the typical symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What is the squatting position associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is the squatting position associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What are the long-term consequences of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What are the long-term consequences of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What is polycythemia in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is polycythemia in Tetralogy of Fallot?
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How does narrowing of the pulmonary artery cause congestive heart failure?
How does narrowing of the pulmonary artery cause congestive heart failure?
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How does Tetralogy of Fallot lead to failure to thrive?
How does Tetralogy of Fallot lead to failure to thrive?
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
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Chest tube
Chest tube
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Underwater seal drainage
Underwater seal drainage
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Pleur-evac
Pleur-evac
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Airtight system
Airtight system
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Drainage below the level
Drainage below the level
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Cardiac transplant
Cardiac transplant
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Complications of heart transplant
Complications of heart transplant
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Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
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Cardiovascular differences
Cardiovascular differences
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Innocent murmur
Innocent murmur
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Newborn circulatory adaptation
Newborn circulatory adaptation
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Acquired heart disease
Acquired heart disease
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Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
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Left and right-sided heart failure
Left and right-sided heart failure
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Cyanosis
Cyanosis
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Tachypnea
Tachypnea
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Tachycardia
Tachycardia
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Increased Stroke Volume
Increased Stroke Volume
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Edema
Edema
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Digitalis (Digoxin)
Digitalis (Digoxin)
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Knee-Chest Position
Knee-Chest Position
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Fowler's Position
Fowler's Position
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Calorie-Dense Formulas
Calorie-Dense Formulas
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Low-Sodium Formulas
Low-Sodium Formulas
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Nasogastric Tube
Nasogastric Tube
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Oxygen Administration
Oxygen Administration
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Soft Voice and Gentle Care
Soft Voice and Gentle Care
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
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What are Tet Spells?
What are Tet Spells?
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How to Help During a Tet Spell
How to Help During a Tet Spell
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How is Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosed?
How is Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosed?
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What is Polycythemia?
What is Polycythemia?
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What is a Blalock-Taussig Procedure?
What is a Blalock-Taussig Procedure?
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What is Open Heart Surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is Open Heart Surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
What is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
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What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and Why is it Important for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and Why is it Important for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
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What is Prostaglandin E1 and Why is it Used?
What is Prostaglandin E1 and Why is it Used?
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What is the Three-Stage Surgical Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
What is the Three-Stage Surgical Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
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What are Therapeutic Catheterization Procedures?
What are Therapeutic Catheterization Procedures?
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Post-Cardiac Catheterization Nursing Care
Post-Cardiac Catheterization Nursing Care
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Emotional Support and Education for Families
Emotional Support and Education for Families
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Dental Care and Its Importance for Children with Heart Defects
Dental Care and Its Importance for Children with Heart Defects
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Sports and Exercise for Children with Congenital Heart Defects
Sports and Exercise for Children with Congenital Heart Defects
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Nutritional Guidance for Children with Congenital Heart Defects
Nutritional Guidance for Children with Congenital Heart Defects
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What do anti-inflammatory drugs do for rheumatic fever?
What do anti-inflammatory drugs do for rheumatic fever?
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When is aspirin the best choice for rheumatic fever?
When is aspirin the best choice for rheumatic fever?
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When are steroids used for rheumatic fever?
When are steroids used for rheumatic fever?
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What are some concerns with using aspirin for rheumatic fever?
What are some concerns with using aspirin for rheumatic fever?
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What are some side effects of steroid use in rheumatic fever?
What are some side effects of steroid use in rheumatic fever?
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What medication helps manage chorea in rheumatic fever?
What medication helps manage chorea in rheumatic fever?
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What is used to protect patients during spasms in rheumatic fever?
What is used to protect patients during spasms in rheumatic fever?
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What is recommended during the initial attack of rheumatic fever?
What is recommended during the initial attack of rheumatic fever?
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What are the nursing priorities for a patient with rheumatic fever?
What are the nursing priorities for a patient with rheumatic fever?
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How can rheumatic fever be prevented?
How can rheumatic fever be prevented?
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What are ACE inhibitors?
What are ACE inhibitors?
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What is arrhythmia?
What is arrhythmia?
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What is rheumatic fever (RF)?
What is rheumatic fever (RF)?
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What is migratory polyarthritis?
What is migratory polyarthritis?
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What is chorea?
What is chorea?
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What is cardiac inflammation?
What is cardiac inflammation?
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What is an elevated ASO titer?
What is an elevated ASO titer?
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What is edema?
What is edema?
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What is pulse monitoring?
What is pulse monitoring?
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What is Intake and Output (I&O)?
What is Intake and Output (I&O)?
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What is hypothermia?
What is hypothermia?
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What is a thoracotomy?
What is a thoracotomy?
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What is interventional cardiac catheterization?
What is interventional cardiac catheterization?
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What is cardiopulmonary bypass?
What is cardiopulmonary bypass?
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What is ligation?
What is ligation?
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What is Migratory Polyarthritis in RF?
What is Migratory Polyarthritis in RF?
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How does the Skin Manifest in RF?
How does the Skin Manifest in RF?
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What is Sydenham's Chorea, and who does it commonly affect?
What is Sydenham's Chorea, and who does it commonly affect?
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What is Rheumatic Carditis?
What is Rheumatic Carditis?
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What are the Jones Criteria for diagnosing RF?
What are the Jones Criteria for diagnosing RF?
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How is RF treated?
How is RF treated?
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How often does Rheumatic Fever recur?
How often does Rheumatic Fever recur?
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Is Rheumatic Fever always fatal?
Is Rheumatic Fever always fatal?
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What joint involvement is common in Rheumatic Fever?
What joint involvement is common in Rheumatic Fever?
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What is the specific skin rash associated with RF?
What is the specific skin rash associated with RF?
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What neurological complication is associated with RF?
What neurological complication is associated with RF?
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What is the most dangerous complication of RF?
What is the most dangerous complication of RF?
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What are the criteria doctors use to diagnose RF?
What are the criteria doctors use to diagnose RF?
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How is RF treated to prevent further harm?
How is RF treated to prevent further harm?
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How often does RF recur after the first attack?
How often does RF recur after the first attack?
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Can people live healthy lives despite RF?
Can people live healthy lives despite RF?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disorders in Children
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Differences in Child vs. Adult CV Systems: Infant and young children have thinner chest walls, varying pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and hematological values compared to adults. Newborn circulation differs from the fetus, and capillary function is less mature. Heart rate is higher in newborns/infants. Children have less capacity to increase stroke volume when cardiac output decreases, and most heart conditions stem from embryonic structural defects.
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Signs of Potential Cardiac Issues: Failure to thrive/poor weight gain, cyanosis/pallor, neck vein pulsations, tachypnea/dyspnea, irregular pulse, finger clubbing, feeding/activity fatigue, and excessive perspiration, especially on the forehead. Bradycardia can indicate impending cardiac arrest in hypoxia.
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Congenital Heart Defects: Caused by genetic, maternal (drug use, rubella), or environmental factors. Fetal echocardiography helps detect in high-risk pregnancies. Congenital defects impact the infant's circulatory system's ability to meet oxygen demands after birth.
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Congenital Defect Classification and Types Defects categorized into increased pulmonary blood flow (left-to-right shunts), restricted blood flow (stenosis), decreased pulmonary blood flow (right-to-left shunts), and mixed oxygenated/unoxygenated blood, with shunts signifying abnormal openings. Specific defects include atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), coarctation of the aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot. Each defect presents unique physiological and clinical characteristics.
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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): Abnormal opening between atria, allowing oxygen-rich blood to flow back to the right atrium. Usually asymptomatic, murmur often detected during routine checks. Can sometimes close spontaneously; surgical repair may involve patches or catheterization.
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Most common heart anomaly; opening between ventricles, leading to blood shunting from the higher-pressure left ventricle to the right (left-to-right shunt). Loud, harsh murmur detected. Many resolve spontaneously; surgical interventions performed for persistent or serious cases.
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth. Allows blood flow from higher-pressure aorta to lower-pressure pulmonary artery. Symptoms generally evident later in infancy. Diagnosis aided by 2D echocardiogram; potentially treated with medication (indomethacin, ibuprofen) or surgery.
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Coarctation of the Aorta: Narrowing of the aorta. Results in high blood pressure proximal to the defect and low pressure distally, with significant difference in upper/lower extremity blood pressure and pulse. Untreated, may lead to hypertension, CHF, and endocarditis. Treatment dependent on defect severity often involves surgical repair or percutaneous interventions.
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Tetralogy of Fallot: Four defects (pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy). Results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, causing cyanosis. Symptoms worsen with age, including tet spells (paroxysmal hypercyanotic episodes). Treatment primarily involves surgery to increase pulmonary blood flow.
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Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart. Infants often require multiple staged surgeries or heart transplants.
Acquired Heart Disease
- Acquired Heart Disease Definition: Occurs after birth. Can arise from complications of congenital heart disease, respiratory infections, sepsis, hypertension, or severe anemia.
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Inadequate cardiac output to meet the body's metabolic needs. Right-sided failure involves systemic venous system backup, and left-sided failure concerns lung backup. Symptoms subtle in infants. Manifestations include cyanosis, pallor, rapid respiration, pulse, feeding difficulties, fatigue, weak cry, excessive perspiration, failure to gain weight, edema, frequent respiratory infections. Critical signs in infants for CHF include tachycardia at rest, sweating around scalp and forehead, dyspnea, and sudden weight gain.
- CHF Treatment and Nursing Care: Aim to reduce heart workload, improve respiration, maintain nutrition, prevent infection, reduce patient anxiety, and support parents. Small, frequent feedings using appropriate nipples. Medications like digitalis (digoxin) may be used. Monitor heart rate closely before administration. ACE inhibitors and diuretics may be used. Daily weight, vital signs, and intake/output monitoring is essential.
- Rheumatic Fever (RF): Autoimmune disease complicating untreated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal throat infections. Symptoms (Jones criteria) include migratory polyarthritis, skin eruptions (erythema marginatum), chorea, and carditis. Treatment focuses on eliminating the infection (penicillin or erythromycin), managing symptoms (aspirin, steroids), and providing rest.
- Systemic Hypertension: High blood pressure. Significant causes should be investigated; treatment usually addresses underlying causes and manages blood pressure.
Additional Notes
- Medication Safety: Always double-check medication dosages, especially digoxin, in pediatric patients. Avoid complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies that may interact with cardiac medications.
- Nursing Considerations: Thorough assessment and monitoring are critical. Emotional support for families is essential. Adapt care to the child's needs, minimizing interruptions, providing appropriate rest. Education crucial for family, including prevention strategies and follow-up care.
- Cardiovascular Procedures: Cardiac catheterization and surgery necessitate careful post-procedure monitoring and family education. Discharge planning to include community resources/support.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pediatric cardiovascular health with this quiz. Questions cover conditions such as ventricular septal defect, rheumatic fever symptoms, and primary versus secondary hypertension. It's a great way to understand heart health guidelines for children and the differences in cardiovascular systems between infants and adults.
