Congenital Heart Defects
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential complication of an unrepaired ASD in girls?

  • Reduced oxygenation of the blood
  • Embolism during pregnancy (correct)
  • Increased risk of heart failure
  • Higher incidence of arrhythmias

    • Why is it essential to monitor the child for arrhythmias postoperatively?

  • To prevent cardiac arrests
  • Due to the risk of edema in the right atrium
  • Because of the risk of SA node dysfunction (correct)
  • To monitor for respiratory distress

    • What is the typical timeframe for closure of the ductus arteriosus?

  • Closure between 7 to 14 days of age (correct)
  • Immediate closure at birth
  • Full closure by 1 year of age
  • Full closure by 1 month of age

    • What is the effect of a PDA on the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Increased pressure due to shunted blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical examination finding in children with a PDA?

    <p>Wide pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated incidence of PDA in preterm infants?

    <p>20% to 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for syncope and hypercyanotic episodes in children with tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Prolonged crying or exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the systolic murmur typically heard in children with tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Left second, third, or fourth parasternal interspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does splitting of the second heart sound rarely occur in children with tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Because blood is forced through the shunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of management for children with tetralogy of Fallot before surgery?

    <p>To minimize hypercyanotic episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of rheumatic fever?

    <p>A group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for surgery to correct heart defects in children with tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>At 1 to 2 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely place to observe cyanosis in infants?

    <p>Lips and buccal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cyanosis persisting for over 20 minutes after birth suggest?

    <p>Serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A newborn's hemoglobin level is 28 g per 100 mL. What does this indicate?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in cyanosis with crying suggest in infants?

    <p>Pulmonary dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a late sign of heart disease in children?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a ruddy complexion in some children with heart disease?

    <p>Overproduction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication of a child with a suspected heart disorder?

    <p>Poor weight gain and stunted growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for tachycardia in an infant?

    <p>More than 160 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a forceful and bounding pulse in a child with a suspected heart disorder?

    <p>It is a sign of cardiac insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a heart murmur that is not caused by heart disease or a congenital defect?

    <p>Innocent heart murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a thready pulse in a child with a suspected heart disorder?

    <p>It is a sign of ineffective heart action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a pulse that is significant in a child with a suspected heart disorder?

    <p>It is rapid during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should parents of children with structural heart defects ensure their children are given prophylactic antibiotics before visiting the dentist?

    <p>To prevent infections from dental procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant predictor of developing hypertension in childhood?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have baby food manufacturers stopped adding salt and monosodium glutamate to infant food?

    <p>To prevent the development of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role can school nurses play in reducing salt intake among school-age children?

    <p>Monitoring food served in school cafeterias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is NOT high in sodium content?

    <p>Fresh fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life can hypertension often develop if preventative measures are not taken?

    <p>Late childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

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