Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a wide, fixed split S2 and a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border (LUSB)?
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a wide, fixed split S2 and a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border (LUSB)?
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Coarctation of Aorta
- Atrial Septal Defect (correct)
- Ventricular Septal Defect
What is a common physical examination finding associated with Coarctation of the Aorta?
What is a common physical examination finding associated with Coarctation of the Aorta?
- Hypertension in the upper extremities with hypotension in the lower extremities (correct)
- Cyanosis in the extremities
- Decreased blood pressure in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities
- Bounding pulses in the lower extremities
What murmur is typically associated with Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
What murmur is typically associated with Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
- Systolic ejection murmur at LUSB
- Holosystolic murmur at left lower sternal border
- Diastolic murmur at lower left sternal border
- Continuous 'machine-like' murmur at LUSB (correct)
Which condition is frequently confirmed by a bubble study on echocardiogram?
Which condition is frequently confirmed by a bubble study on echocardiogram?
What are the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What are the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which congenital heart defect is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?
Which congenital heart defect is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?
What is the primary treatment for a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus?
What is the primary treatment for a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus?
What characterizes the physical examination findings in Coarctation of Aorta?
What characterizes the physical examination findings in Coarctation of Aorta?
In which congenital heart defect is the characteristic 'boot-shaped' heart observed on chest X-ray?
In which congenital heart defect is the characteristic 'boot-shaped' heart observed on chest X-ray?
What is a common consequence of a patent foramen ovale?
What is a common consequence of a patent foramen ovale?
Which treatment is used preoperatively for patients with Transposition of the Great Vessels?
Which treatment is used preoperatively for patients with Transposition of the Great Vessels?
Which of the following is true regarding Ventricular Septal Defect?
Which of the following is true regarding Ventricular Septal Defect?
Which condition is primarily characterized by a continuous 'machine-like' murmur?
Which condition is primarily characterized by a continuous 'machine-like' murmur?
Flashcards
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
A hole in the wall between the atria; blood flows from the left to right atrium.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Coarctation of the Aorta
A narrowing of the aorta, increasing pressure after it.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
The blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery does not close after birth, leading to blood shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery.
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
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Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
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Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
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Study Notes
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Shunting: Left-to-right shunting between the atria
- Most Common Type: Ostium secundum, often associated with Down syndrome
- Signs: Wide, fixed split S2, systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border (LUSB)
- Imaging: Cardiomegaly, increased pulmonary vasculature on chest X-ray (CXR)
- Treatment: Observation for small defects; surgical or percutaneous closure for symptomatic cases
Coarctation of the Aorta
- Description: Narrowing of the aortic arch, increasing afterload
- Associated Conditions: Turner syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve
- Signs: Upper extremity hypertension (HTN), lower extremity hypotension, diminished femoral pulses, claudication
- Imaging: Rib notching, "3 sign" on CXR
- Treatment: Balloon angioplasty, stent placement, or surgical repair
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
- Description: Persistent ductus arteriosus after birth, causing left-to-right shunting
- Associated Conditions: Prematurity, congenital rubella
- Signs: Continuous "machine-like" murmur at LUSB, bounding pulses
- Treatment: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like indomethacin or ibuprofen to close; surgical ligation if medication is ineffective
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
- Description: Failure of the foramen ovale to close, potentially causing right-to-left shunting
- Symptoms: Often asymptomatic; can lead to paradoxical embolism or cryptogenic stroke
- Diagnosis: Bubble study on echocardiography (echo)
- Treatment: Closure if symptomatic or if stroke occurs
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Characteristics: A combination of four defects: Pulmonary stenosis, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH), Overriding aorta, Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Signs: Cyanosis, "tet spells" (episodic cyanosis) relieved by squatting, harsh systolic murmur at LUSB
- Imaging: "Boot-shaped" heart on CXR
- Treatment: Surgical repair; prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to maintain ductal patency before surgery
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
- Description: Aorta and pulmonary artery are switched, a cyanotic heart defect.
- Associated Conditions: Diabetic mothers
- Signs: Severe cyanosis at birth, single loud S2
- Imaging: "Egg on a string" appearance on CXR
- Treatment: Surgical arterial switch; PGE1 to maintain ductal patency
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Description: Left-to-right shunting through a septal defect
- Frequency: Most common congenital heart defect, associated with trisomies
- Signs: Harsh holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border (LLSB)
- Diagnosis: Echocardiography (echo) to visualize the defect
- Treatment: Observation for small defects; surgical repair for symptomatic or large defects
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