Pediatric Acute Flaccid Paralysis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common characteristic of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a child?

  • Aggressive behavior
  • Excessive hyperactivity
  • Clumsiness in movement (correct)
  • Delayed speech development

What symptom might a pediatrician observe in an infant with Myasthenia Gravis?

  • Difficulty sucking and swallowing (correct)
  • Normal sucking reflex
  • Increased muscle strength
  • Excessive drooling

At what age was the boy diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

  • 4 years old
  • 1 year old
  • 3 years old (correct)
  • 2 years old

Which of the following is NOT a likely issue for a child with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

<p>Improvement in fine motor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential early sign of Myasthenia Gravis in infants?

<p>Weakness in sucking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest and most consistent finding in patients with the condition described?

<p>Ptosis and extraocular muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a Gower sign typically be observed in affected individuals?

<p>3 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which posturing is commonly associated with the hip-waddle gait in this condition?

<p>Lordotic posturing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does calf pseudohypertrophy typically consist of in this clinical presentation?

<p>Fat and collagen buildup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of weakness characterizes the condition as it progresses?

<p>Flaccid weakness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a lumbar puncture typically show in cases of mild inflammatory conditions?

<p>Normal or slightly increased protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by mild pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance in a lumbar puncture result?

<p>Viral infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which finding would be least likely in a lumbar puncture analysis related to mild pleocytosis?

<p>High neutrophil count. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In assessing a lumbar puncture, which result aligns with mild lymphocytic pleocytosis?

<p>High protein with normal glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to find in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient if their lumbar puncture result indicates mild pleocytosis?

<p>Normal or slightly elevated protein levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment option for patients who do not respond to IV methylprednisolone?

<p>IV immune globulin (IVIG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with ATM do not make any recovery?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach helps in managing respiratory, cardiovascular, and autonomic dysfunction in patients?

<p>Symptomatic management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of physical and occupational therapy (PT/OT) in ATM treatment?

<p>To promote functional recovery and prevent contractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for ATM?

<p>7 to 14 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for enteroviruses?

<p>Person-to-person spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transmission is less common than person-to-person spread?

<p>Contaminated water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During epidemics, what other means of transmission may occur?

<p>Pharyngeal spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does poliovirus initially infect after entering the body?

<p>The gastrointestinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission for enteroviruses?

<p>Sexual transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential site for the spread of poliovirus aside from lymph nodes?

<p>Central Nervous System (CNS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the spread of poliovirus?

<p>The spread of poliovirus to the CNS is not well understood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general understanding of poliovirus's spread to lymph nodes?

<p>It is a common site of spread. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of spread to the Central Nervous System (CNS), which statement is accurate?

<p>The mechanism behind the spread is unclear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the nature of poliovirus spread?

<p>The spread to lymph nodes is a precursor to CNS involvement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Muscular Dystrophy

A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of muscles.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A rare genetic disorder that primarily affects males and causes severe muscle weakness, leading to progressive disability.

Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disorder that weakens the muscles, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and difficulty swallowing and breathing.

Pediatrician examines an infant

An assessment of an infant's physical and developmental status, often done by a pediatrician.

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Poor sucking and swallowing

Difficulty in sucking and swallowing, which can indicate underlying medical conditions in infants.

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Lumbar Puncture

A procedure where a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis.

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CSF Protein

The amount of protein found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Normal or slightly increased protein in CSF

A normal amount of protein in the CSF, or slightly higher than normal.

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Pleocytosis

The presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the CSF.

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Lymphocyte predominance

A type of white blood cell that is often found in the CSF during an infection.

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Sudden Onset of Weakness

The onset of paralysis or weakness develops suddenly.

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Gower Sign

A sign of muscular weakness where you cannot get up from the floor without using your hands and arms to push yourself up.

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Calf Pseudohypertrophy

An unusual condition characterized by increased calf size, often due to an accumulation of fat and collagen.

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Hip Waddle Gait

A type of gait where the hips sway excessively from side to side while walking.

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Ptosis

A condition in which a person's eyelids droop abnormally.

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Poliovirus Spread

The poliovirus can spread to the lymph nodes, and in rare cases, to the central nervous system (CNS).

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Poliovirus to CNS: Unknown

The exact way poliovirus travels to the CNS is not fully understood by scientists.

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Lymph Nodes

The lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord, which control most body functions.

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CNS Functions

The CNS is responsible for controlling movement, sensation, thoughts, and many other important functions.

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How is enterovirus spread?

Enterovirus is primarily spread from person to person, but contamination with water can also cause infection.

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How does enterovirus spread during an epidemic?

During widespread outbreaks of enterovirus, the virus can also be transmitted through tiny droplets of saliva.

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Where does the poliovirus first infect?

The gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach and intestines, is the initial point of infection for poliovirus.

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What is the most common way enterovirus is spread?

Enterovirus commonly spreads through direct contact with infected individuals, including close proximity and shared objects.

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How can contaminated water spread enterovirus?

Contaminated water can also lead to the spread of enterovirus, especially during epidemics.

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What is acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)?

A serious neurological condition characterized by weakness, paralysis, autonomic dysfunction and bowel/bladder problems. Often triggered by a viral infection, it can be fatal in severe cases.

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What is the primary treatment for AFM?

IV Methylprednisolone is the primary treatment for AFM. It aims to reduce inflammation and improve the chance of recovery.

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What are alternative treatments for AFM if the primary treatment is ineffective?

If IV methylprednisolone is not effective or causes adverse reactions, IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis are alternative treatments for AFM.

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What are the symptoms of AFM that are managed in treatment?

Symptoms of AFM include weakness, paralysis, breathing difficulty, bowel/bladder dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. These symptoms can be managed to improve overall quality of life.

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How is AFM transmitted and what is its incubation period?

Transmitted through the oral-fecal route. The incubation period is estimated to be 7-14 days.

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Study Notes

Pediatric Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP)

  • AFP is a sudden onset of muscle weakness or paralysis
  • It's a medical emergency requiring immediate management to support vital functions
  • Key diagnostic considerations include: Anterior Horn Cell (AHC) diseases, Acute Poliomyelitis, Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM), and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS).
  • Identifying the specific cause of AFP is essential for appropriate treatment

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

  • Initial symptoms, such as difficulty climbing stairs or frequent falls, may indicate muscular dystrophy
  • Myasthenia gravis is associated with poor sucking and swallowing, floppy baby, poor head control and ptosis (drooping eyelids)
  • Muscle weakness in infants can result from various neurological disorders, including brain tumors, infections, or metabolic diseases
  • Clinical evaluation, including physical exam and neurological assessment, is crucial for proper diagnosis.
  • Laboratory tests such as Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) analysis and imaging (MRI) can aid in distinguishing between different causes
  • Electrodiagnostic studies, like electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies, provide essential information
  • A complete medical history and physical exam help narrow down the possible causes
  • Careful assessment is necessary to differentiate between different conditions

Differential Diagnosis:

  • Muscular Dystrophy: A group of genetic diseases causing progressive muscle degeneration
  • Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disorder disrupting neuromuscular transmission, leading to muscle weakness that worsens with repeated use.
  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): A genetic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons resulting in muscle weakness
  • Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): An autoimmune disorder that results in demyelination of peripheral nerves, leading to progressive muscle weakness.
  • Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM): Inflammation of the spinal cord causing acute loss of motor and sensory functions
  • Polio: A viral infection affecting the motor neurons of the spinal cord, causing paralysis.

Important Considerations:

  • Age of onset and progression of symptoms
  • Presence of sensory loss
  • Involvement of cranial nerves
  • Presence of autonomic dysfunction
  • Assessment of the presence of other symptoms, like fever, vomiting, or diarrhea

Additional Notes:

  • Monitoring vital signs, including respiratory function, is important throughout the assessment and management process.
  • Support vital functions and manage any respiratory or other complications
  • Continuous monitoring is critical for patients with AFP
  • Prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause, as some cases may result in full recovery while others may have long-term complications and disabilities.

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Related Documents

Acute Flaccid Paralysis Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on Pediatric Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP), its clinical presentation, and diagnostic considerations. Learn about key conditions such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome and the importance of identifying specific causes for treatment. This quiz will enhance your understanding of crucial neurological evaluations in young patients.

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