PCC1 Exam 2 (Chapter 23) Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

The central nervous system includes the and the __.

brain and spinal cord

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

All the nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, including 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and all their branches.

The cerebral cortex is the center for?

A human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement.

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the parietal lobe known as?

Center for sensation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Primary visual receptor. Signup and view all the answers

What functions does the temporal lobe serve?

Auditory reception center, with functions of hearing, taste and smell. Signup and view all the answers

Where is Wernicke's area located and what is its function?

Located in the temporal lobe and is associated with language comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

What is Broca's area associated with?

Mediates motor speech. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas are parts of the central nervous system?

Frontal Signup and view all the answers

What is receptive aphasia?

The person hears sound, but it has no meaning, like hearing a foreign language. Signup and view all the answers

What is expressive aphasia?

The person cannot talk but can understand language and knows what they want to say. Signup and view all the answers

What does the basal ganglia help with?

Initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the thalamus?

Main relay station where sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem form synapses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

Temperature regulation, appetite control, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellum help with?

Motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone. Signup and view all the answers

What three areas comprise the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla. Signup and view all the answers

What does the left cerebral cortex receive?

Sensory information from and controls motor function to the right side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

The sensation travels in the afferent fibers in their peripheral nerve, through the posterior (dorsal root) and into the spinal cord. Once at the spinal cord, it may take one of two routes: _ or _.

spinothalamic tract or posterior (dorsal) columns. Signup and view all the answers

What does the spinothalamic tract do?

Transmits sensations of pain, temperature, and light touch. Signup and view all the answers

What do the posterior (dorsal columns) do?

Conduct sensations of position, proprioception, vibration, and localized touch. Signup and view all the answers

What does the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract allow?

Skilled and purposeful movements. Signup and view all the answers

What do the extrapyramidal tracts contain?

All the motor nerve fibers originating in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord outside the pyramidal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What do the extrapyramidal tracts do?

Maintain muscle tone and control body movements, especially gross automatic movements. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the job of upper motor neurons (UMN).

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) are involved in transmitting signals from the brain to the spinal cord to initiate voluntary movement. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of all nerve fibers outside the CNS, including 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Cerebral Cortex

Responsible for the highest human functions such as thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement.
Divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe: Governs personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual functions.
Parietal Lobe: Acts as the center for sensation.
Occipital Lobe: Serves as the primary visual receptor area.
Temporal Lobe: Functions as the auditory reception center, involved in hearing, taste, and smell.

Language Centers

Wernicke's Area: Located in the temporal lobe, related to language comprehension; damage leads to receptive aphasia, where sounds are heard but have no meaning.
Broca's Area: Found in the frontal lobe, mediates motor speech; damage results in expressive aphasia, where the individual cannot speak properly but understands language.

Additional Brain Structures

Basal Ganglia: Initiates and coordinates movements and controls automatic associated movements.
Thalamus: Acts as the main relay station for sensory pathways from the spinal cord and other areas.
Hypothalamus: Serves as a major respiratory center and regulates vital functions like temperature, heart rate, and appetite.
Cerebellum: Located under the occipital lobe, responsible for motor coordination, equilibrium, and muscle tone.
Brainstem: Contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla, playing crucial roles in autonomic functions like respiratory and heart control.

Cerebral Hemisphere Functions

The left cerebral cortex controls the right side of the body and receives sensory information from it, while the right cerebral cortex does the opposite.

Sensory Receptors

Millions of sensory receptors are distributed in the skin, mucous membranes, and deeper structures, monitoring sensations, organ function, body position, and reflexes.

Sensory Pathways

Sensation travels via afferent fibers in peripheral nerves to the spinal cord, taking routes through either the spinothalamic tract or posterior (dorsal) columns.
Spinothalamic Tract: Transmits sensations of pain, temperature, and light touch.
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns: Conduct sensations of proprioception (awareness of body position), vibration, and localized touch.

Motor Pathways

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract: Facilitates skilled, purposeful movements.
Extrapyramidal Tracts: Contain motor fibers that maintain muscle tone and control gross automatic movements such as walking.

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

UMNs are located entirely within the CNS and play a critical role in controlling voluntary movements.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the central and peripheral nervous systems with these flashcards from Chapter 23 of PCC1. Each card covers key concepts and definitions to help reinforce your understanding of human neurology. Perfect for exam preparation or review sessions.