Human Biology: Central Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which type of neuron is responsible for integrating sensory information and directing appropriate responses within the central nervous system?

  • Afferent neurons
  • Sensory neurons
  • Association neurons (correct)
  • Motor neurons

    • What are the two primary components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • Brain and peripheral nerves
  • Spinal cord and peripheral nerves
  • Brain and spinal cord (correct)
  • Brain and sensory neurons

    • The central nervous system (CNS) directly controls the activity of which other type of neuron?

  • Motor Neurons (correct)
  • Association Neurons
  • Efferent Neurons
  • Sensory Neurons

    • In addition to directing bodily responses, what higher-level cognitive functions are primarily managed by the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Learning and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which type of neuron does the central nervous system (CNS) primarily receive input?

    <p>Sensory neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the general function of the cerebrum?

    <p>Control of movement, sensory processing, and language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary sensory cortex is responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Processing sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the cerebrum enables understanding of spoken and written language, and is associated with speech?

    <p>Wernicke's area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the primary motor cortex would most likely result in what?

    <p>Difficulty in initiating voluntary movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the frontal lobe?

    <p>Planning, decision-making, and personality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is primarily processed in the parietal lobe?

    <p>Sensory input and spatial awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for what function?

    <p>Vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are memories related to smell processed?

    <p>Temporal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of neurons located in the corticospinal/pyramidal tracts?

    <p>Precentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of corticospinal fibers typically cross in the medulla pyramids?

    <p>80 to 90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral corticospinal tracts are primarily involved with the movement of which of the following?

    <p>Contralateral limbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the anterior corticospinal tracts cross over to the opposite side?

    <p>Spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior corticospinal tracts primarily control muscles where?

    <p>Axial skeleton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function are the corticospinal tracts mainly concerned with?

    <p>Controlling fine movements requiring dexterity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT indicated as being located within the central nervous system?

    <p>Arachnoid Mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these lists includes only components directly labeled in the diagram of the central nervous system?

    <p>Arachnoid mater, cerebrum, and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain contains the cell bodies of neurons that give rise to the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Precentral gyrus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another common name for the corticospinal tracts?

    <p>Pyramidal tracts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most inclusive structure that contains the spinal cord?

    <p>Central Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order correctly lists the structures from superior to inferior, as depicted in the diagram?

    <p>Cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific layer of the meninges is shown in the image?

    <p>Arachnoid mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general function is directly implied by the presence of the brain stem in the diagram of the central nervous system?

    <p>Regulation of vital functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the diagram were to include the peripheral nervous system, which structure would NOT be part of that system?

    <p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the structures shown, which function is least likely to be directly associated with the spinal cord?

    <p>Regulating memory formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information related to olfaction?

    <p>Olfactory nerve (I) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve does NOT control any of the extrinsic eye muscles directly?

    <p>Olfactory nerve (I) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for the sense of touch and pain in the forehead region?

    <p>Ophthalmic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball?

    <p>Trochlear nerve (IV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of the optic nerve?

    <p>Transmitting visual information to the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the upper teeth and gums?

    <p>Maxillary division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves has a purely sensory function?

    <p>Olfactory (I) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

    <p>Moving the eye-lids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in swallowing?

    <p>Vagus (X) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides motor impulses to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

    <p>Accessory (XI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movement?

    <p>Hypoglossal (XII) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in both taste sensation and general visceral sensations?

    <p>Vagus (X) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal root of spinal nerves primarily carries what type of fibers?

    <p>Sensory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

    <p>7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve are all spinal nerves classified as?

    <p>Mixed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the sensory neuron cell bodies located in relation to the spinal nerves?

    <p>Dorsal root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

    Sensory Neurons

    Neurons that receive and transmit sensory information to the CNS.

    Motor Neurons

    Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.

    Association Neurons

    Neurons that integrate sensory input and determine the appropriate response.

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    Homeostasis

    The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living organisms.

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    Meninges

    Three protective membranes covering the CNS.

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    Arachnoid Mater

    The middle layer of the meninges, shaped like a web.

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    Dura Mater

    The tough outermost layer of the meninges.

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    Pia Mater

    The delicate inner layer of the meninges adhering to the brain.

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    Cerebrum

    The largest part of the brain responsible for higher functions.

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    Cerebellum

    The part of the brain that regulates balance and coordination.

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    Spinal Cord

    The bundle of nerves running down the spine, part of the CNS.

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    Brain Stem

    The part of the brain connecting to the spinal cord, controls basic life functions.

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    Descending Tracts

    Nerve pathways that carry signals from the brain to the body.

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    Corticospinal Tracts

    Pathways connecting cerebral cortex to spinal cord for motor control.

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    Primary Motor Cortex

    Area in the brain responsible for initiating voluntary movements.

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    Lateral Corticospinal Tracts

    Tracts that control limb movement; most fibers cross in the medulla.

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    Anterior Corticospinal Tracts

    Tracts that descend without crossing in the medulla, controlling axial muscles.

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    Contralateral Movement

    Movement control by the opposite side of the brain.

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    Fine Motor Control

    Precision movements requiring dexterity, primarily via corticospinal tracts.

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    Medulla Pyramids

    Region where most corticospinal fibers cross from one side to the other.

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    Vagus Nerve (X)

    A cranial nerve involved in swallowing, phonation, and visceral regulation.

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    Accessory Nerve (XI)

    Somatic motor nerve responsible for head, neck, shoulder movements.

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    Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

    Somatic motor nerve controlling tongue and throat muscle movements.

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    Spinal Nerves

    Nerves that arise directly from the spinal cord and are mixed nerves.

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    Cervical Nerves

    Eight pairs of spinal nerves in the neck region.

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    Thoracic Nerves

    Twelve pairs of spinal nerves in the upper back.

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    Lumbar Nerves

    Five pairs of spinal nerves in the lower back region.

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    Mixed Nerves

    Nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers.

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    Ventricle of the Brain

    Fluid-filled cavities in the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Lobes of the Cerebrum

    Four main divisions of the cerebrum: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

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    Functional Regions of the Cerebrum

    Different areas in the cerebrum responsible for specific functions like movement and speech.

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    Primary Sensory Area

    Region of the cerebrum that processes sensory information from the body.

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    Motor Control Area

    Region of the cerebrum responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.

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    Speech and Understanding

    Cerebral regions that manage language comprehension and production.

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    Memory Relational Area

    Part of cerebrum involved in storing and recalling memories.

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    Cranial Nerve I

    Also known as the Olfactory nerve; responsible for the sense of smell.

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    Cranial Nerve II

    Also known as the Optic nerve; responsible for vision.

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    Cranial Nerve III

    Oculomotor nerve; controls most eye movements and pupil constriction.

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    Cranial Nerve IV

    Trochlear nerve; innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

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    Trigeminal Nerve

    Cranial nerve V; responsible for facial sensation and mastication.

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    Ophthalmic Division

    A division of the trigeminal nerve; sensory for the forehead and eyes.

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    Maxillary Division

    A division of the trigeminal nerve; sensory for the upper jaw and palate.

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    Mandibular Division

    A division of the trigeminal nerve; sensory for the lower jaw and associated regions.

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    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System Lecture Outline

    • The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord
    • The CNS receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands
    • Association neurons integrate sensory information and regulate homeostasis and responses to the environment
    • The CNS is responsible for learning and memory

    Structural Organization of the Brain

    • Contains the brain and spinal cord
    • Three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) surround the brain and spinal cord
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found in the subarachnoid space and protects the brain and spinal cord
    • Different ventricles in the brain contain CSF

    The Cerebrum

    • The cerebrum is the "wrinkly part" of the brain
    • The cerebrum is divided into lobes, each with specific functions
    • Sulcus is the groove and gyrus is the fold in the cerebrum

    Lobes of the Cerebrum

    • Frontal Lobe: Voluntary motor control, higher intellectual processes, planning, decision making, and verbal communication
    • Parietal Lobe: Somatesthetic interpretation, understanding speech, formulating words, interpreting textures, and shapes
    • Temporal Lobe: Interpreting auditory sensations, memory for auditory and visual experiences
    • Occipital Lobe: Visual experience, image integration, and visual memory
    • Insula: Memory, sensory data (primarily pain), and visceral integration

    Cerebral Lateralization

    • The brain's left and right hemispheres specialize in different functions
    • Right Hemisphere: Visuospatial tasks (like arranging objects, recognizing faces, and composing music)
    • Left Hemisphere: Language, analytical ability, speech, writing, calculations, and comprehending visual appearance

    The Limbic System and Emotion

    • The limbic system controls emotional drives, including:
      • Areas of the cerebrum: cingulate gyrus, amygdaloid body, hippocampus, septal nuclei, and anterior insula
      • Hypothalamus and Thalamus
    • It is difficult to control emotions because of the few synaptic connections between the limbic system and cerebral cortex
    • Emotional memories are primarily controlled by the limbic system (smell brain, rhinencephalon)
    • Emotions controlled by the limbic system: aggression, fear, feeding, sex drive, and goal-directed behaviors
    • The hypothalamus plays a key role in visceral responses to emotions, maintaining posture, and controlling facial expressions

    Memory

    • Studies of people with amnesia show that the temporal lobe, hippocampus, head of the caudate nucleus, and dorsomedial thalamus are involved in memory
    • The amygdala is important for converting short-term memories into long-term memories
    • The prefrontal cortex is involved in complex problem-solving and working memory
    • Stress can negatively impact memory consolidation (i.e, not downloading the memory) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
    • Cortisol release can enhance emotional memory but weaken hippocampal memory

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • The hypothalamus is critical for maintaining homeostasis and regulating the autonomic nervous system
    • It controls various functions: hunger/satiety, thirst, body temperature, sleep, sexual arousal, emotions, and visceral responses related to emotion
    • It helps to control hormone secretion from the pituitary gland

    Hindbrain

    • The cerebellum is the second-largest part of the brain, responsible for coordinating movement, posture, and balance, motor learning, and acquiring sensory data
    • It influences motor coordination through the inhibition of the motor cortex from Purkinje cells

    Reticular Activating System (RAS)

    • The RAS is important in consciousness and regulating sleep and wakefulness
    • It's made up of the pons and reticular formation in the midbrain
    • Activation of the RAS promotes wakefulness, and inhibition allows sleep
    • RAS activity increases during deeper sleep

    Spinal Cord Tracts

    • Spinal cord tracts are classified as ascending or descending and involved in carrying impulses
    • Ascending tracts carry sensory impulses, while descending tracts carry motor impulses
    • The tracts are organized into specific columns (funiculi) to allow for the organization of the nervous system
    • The white matter is composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts that are arranged into columns called funiculi

    Cranial and Spinal Nerves

    • Cranial nerves arise directly from nuclei in the brain and are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves
    • Spinal nerves arise directly from the spinal cord
    • There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
    • Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, carrying both sensory and motor neurons
    • The dorsal root contains sensory neuron cell bodies, while the ventral root contains motor neuron cell bodies

    Reflex Arc

    • A reflex arc is an unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus
    • Components of a reflex arc: sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron in CNS, somatic motor neuron, and effector(muscle or gland)
    • Two types of reflex arcs: somatic reflexes (effectors are skeletal muscles) and autonomic reflexes (effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands)

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    Ch. 8 Lecture BSC228 Student Handout PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the central nervous system (CNS) with this quiz. Learn about the types of neurons, their functions, and the key components of the CNS. Explore higher-level cognitive functions and the specific roles of different brain regions.

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