PCC SOM Clinical Pathology: Reproductive Function and Pregnancy
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the synthesis and secretion of androgen-binding protein in Sertoli cells?

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (correct)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Inhibin
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    • What percentage of sex steroids are free and biologically active in the blood?

  • 20% to 30%
  • 1% to 2% (correct)
  • 80% to 90%
  • 50% to 60%

    • Which hormone surge is responsible for final oocyte maturation and ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

  • Estradiol surge
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (correct)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) surge

    • During pregnancy, which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the developing placenta?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection in the lactation process?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between gonadal steroid levels and pituitary gonadotropin levels in primary disease states?

    <p>Inversely related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is semen analysis performed after 2 to 5 days of sexual abstinence?

    <p>To improve the reliability of the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in a semen analysis?

    <p>Both microscopic and macroscopic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of semen analysis in therapeutic insemination?

    <p>To select donors for therapeutic insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of container is recommended for semen collection?

    <p>Sterile plastic (polypropylene) container with a screw top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of defects per sperm that is a significant predictor of sperm function?

    <p>Teratozoospermic Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Neutral α-Glucosidase?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone associated with Secondary Testicular Failure?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of ovulation in female evaluation?

    <p>Menstrual Cycle Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Gynecomastia in males?

    <p>Hormonal Imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the fetus is expelled from the maternal uterus to the external environment?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?

    <p>&gt;40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the absence of menstrual flow by age 16 years, or by age 14 years if no breast development occurs?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is marked by the production of surface-active phospholipid compounds called surfactant?

    <p>Fetal lung maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to detect fetal blood in maternal circulation?

    <p>Kleihauer-Betke testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of absence of menstrual flow in patients who have not exhibited menses by age 16 years?

    <p>Genetic and/or anatomic abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal increase in basal body temperature after ovulation?

    <p>0.4° F to 0.8° F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of assessing secondary sexual characteristics in the evaluation of amenorrhea?

    <p>To determine the presence of breast development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for measuring hCG in the evaluation of amenorrhea?

    <p>To exclude pregnancy as a cause of secondary amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of FSH above which is associated with diminished ovarian reserve?

    <p>10 mIU/ML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in the ovaries?

    <p>To inhibit FSH-induced aromatase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of amenorrhea in patients who have a history of menstruation but have not experienced menses for more than 3 months?

    <p>Endocrine abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a result of greater than 5 mIU/mL in measuring hCG?

    <p>Typically indicative of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of elevated AMH levels in disease states?

    <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Clomiphene Citrate in the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?

    <p>To stimulate the release of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>Increased prolactin and normal TSH and FT4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

    <p>Pituitary gland dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Progestin Withdrawal Test?

    <p>To evaluate endogenous estrogen status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by high TSH and low FT4 levels?

    <p>Primary hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of amenorrhea in patients with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Elevated FT4 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of primary ovarian failure?

    <p>Elevated FSH and LH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary ovarian failure?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of imaging techniques in the evaluation of hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>To further evaluate prolactinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of panhypopituitarism?

    <p>Deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of absence of withdrawal bleeding after the Progestin Withdrawal Test?

    <p>Genital tract abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sperm in a semen specimen should exhibit normal morphology?

    <p>More than 4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a low fructose level in semen analysis?

    <p>It indicates an associated dysgenesis of the seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary predictor of anovulation in female evaluation?

    <p>Abnormal menstrual cycle pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Neutral α-Glucosidase in semen analysis?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of immunologic infertility in sperm analysis?

    <p>Sperm antibody binding to head or tail antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test, FSH levels are determined on which day of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Day 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for assisted reproductive technology (ART) in infertile couples?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring estradiol levels in the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?

    <p>To assess ovarian reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who may undergo assisted reproductive technology (ART) to become pregnant?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

    <p>In vitro fertilization (IVF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of clinical laboratory tests during a patient's first visit to an obstetrician?

    <p>To identify disorders that can be treated or prevented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated hCG in maternal serum and urine?

    <p>It is a reliable indicator of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level can urine hCG levels be commonly detected by qualitative immunoassay test kits?

    <p>20 mIU/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for serum hCG levels to increase above the reference interval after ovulation?

    <p>6 to 12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the current generation of quantitative hCG immunoassays?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between gonadal steroid levels and pituitary gonadotropin levels in secondary disease states?

    <p>Directly related, with both high or both low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of semen analysis in male evaluation?

    <p>To monitor the success of surgical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the macroscopic component of semen analysis?

    <p>Physical and chemical properties of semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to collect semen samples after 2 to 5 days of sexual abstinence?

    <p>To improve the reliability of the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hormone analyses in male evaluation?

    <p>To further evaluate abnormal semen analysis results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the fetus is expelled from the maternal uterus to the external environment?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?

    <p>Greater than 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of menstrual flow by age 16 years, or by age 14 years if no breast development occurs?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Kleihauer-Betke testing?

    <p>To detect fetal blood in maternal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the compounds produced by the fetal lungs during lung maturation?

    <p>Surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of ovarian reserve?

    <p>Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?

    <p>To assess ovarian reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of elevated AMH levels in disease states?

    <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal increase in basal body temperature after ovulation?

    <p>0.4° F to 0.8° F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated DHEAS levels?

    <p>Adrenal tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing a sperm count in a hemocytometer?

    <p>To estimate sperm concentration and motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?

    <p>40% or above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of agglutination in semen analysis?

    <p>It suggests an immunologic cause of infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peroxidase staining in semen analysis?

    <p>To identify polymorphonuclear leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a low fructose level in semen analysis?

    <p>It may indicate the absence of fluid from the seminal vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of semen analysis in male evaluation?

    <p>To estimate sperm concentration and motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the grading system used to evaluate sperm motility?

    <p>Grade 1-4, with Grade 4 being the highest motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining the pellet in semen analysis?

    <p>To detect intact or damaged sperm fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of round cells in semen analysis?

    <p>They are immature germ cells or polymorphonuclear leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing a viability stain in semen analysis?

    <p>To distinguish between live and dead sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

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