80 Questions
Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating the synthesis and secretion of androgen-binding protein in Sertoli cells?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What percentage of sex steroids are free and biologically active in the blood?
1% to 2%
Which hormone surge is responsible for final oocyte maturation and ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
During pregnancy, which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the developing placenta?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection in the lactation process?
Oxytocin
What is the relationship between gonadal steroid levels and pituitary gonadotropin levels in primary disease states?
Inversely related
Why is semen analysis performed after 2 to 5 days of sexual abstinence?
To improve the reliability of the test
What is included in a semen analysis?
Both microscopic and macroscopic components
What is the purpose of semen analysis in therapeutic insemination?
To select donors for therapeutic insemination
What type of container is recommended for semen collection?
Sterile plastic (polypropylene) container with a screw top
What is the average number of defects per sperm that is a significant predictor of sperm function?
Teratozoospermic Index
What is the primary source of Neutral α-Glucosidase?
Epididymis
What is the primary hormone associated with Secondary Testicular Failure?
FSH
What is the primary indicator of ovulation in female evaluation?
Menstrual Cycle Pattern
What is the primary cause of Gynecomastia in males?
Hormonal Imbalance
What is the process by which the fetus is expelled from the maternal uterus to the external environment?
Parturition
What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?
>40%
What is defined as the absence of menstrual flow by age 16 years, or by age 14 years if no breast development occurs?
Amenorrhea
What is marked by the production of surface-active phospholipid compounds called surfactant?
Fetal lung maturation
What is used to detect fetal blood in maternal circulation?
Kleihauer-Betke testing
What is the primary cause of absence of menstrual flow in patients who have not exhibited menses by age 16 years?
Genetic and/or anatomic abnormality
What is the normal increase in basal body temperature after ovulation?
0.4° F to 0.8° F
What is the importance of assessing secondary sexual characteristics in the evaluation of amenorrhea?
To determine the presence of breast development
What is the primary reason for measuring hCG in the evaluation of amenorrhea?
To exclude pregnancy as a cause of secondary amenorrhea
What is the level of FSH above which is associated with diminished ovarian reserve?
10 mIU/ML
What is the function of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in the ovaries?
To inhibit FSH-induced aromatase activity
What is the likely cause of amenorrhea in patients who have a history of menstruation but have not experienced menses for more than 3 months?
Endocrine abnormality
What is the significance of a result of greater than 5 mIU/mL in measuring hCG?
Typically indicative of pregnancy
What is the result of elevated AMH levels in disease states?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
What is the function of Clomiphene Citrate in the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?
To stimulate the release of FSH and LH
What is the primary indicator of hyperprolactinemia?
Increased prolactin and normal TSH and FT4
What is the primary cause of secondary hypothyroidism?
Pituitary gland dysfunction
What is the purpose of the Progestin Withdrawal Test?
To evaluate endogenous estrogen status
What is indicated by high TSH and low FT4 levels?
Primary hypothyroidism
What is the primary cause of amenorrhea in patients with hyperthyroidism?
Elevated FT4 levels
What is the primary indicator of primary ovarian failure?
Elevated FSH and LH levels
What is the primary cause of secondary ovarian failure?
Hypothalamic-pituitary origin
What is the purpose of imaging techniques in the evaluation of hyperprolactinemia?
To further evaluate prolactinoma
What is the primary indicator of panhypopituitarism?
Deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones
What is the primary cause of absence of withdrawal bleeding after the Progestin Withdrawal Test?
Genital tract abnormalities
What percentage of sperm in a semen specimen should exhibit normal morphology?
More than 4%
What is the significance of a low fructose level in semen analysis?
It indicates an associated dysgenesis of the seminal vesicles
What is the primary predictor of anovulation in female evaluation?
Abnormal menstrual cycle pattern
What is the primary source of Neutral α-Glucosidase in semen analysis?
Epididymis
What is the primary indicator of immunologic infertility in sperm analysis?
Sperm antibody binding to head or tail antigens
In the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test, FSH levels are determined on which day of the menstrual cycle?
Day 3
What is the primary indication for assisted reproductive technology (ART) in infertile couples?
All of the above
What is the purpose of measuring estradiol levels in the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?
To assess ovarian reserve
Who may undergo assisted reproductive technology (ART) to become pregnant?
All of the above
What is the most common form of assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
What is the primary purpose of clinical laboratory tests during a patient's first visit to an obstetrician?
To identify disorders that can be treated or prevented
What is the significance of elevated hCG in maternal serum and urine?
It is a reliable indicator of pregnancy
At what level can urine hCG levels be commonly detected by qualitative immunoassay test kits?
20 mIU/mL
What is the typical time frame for serum hCG levels to increase above the reference interval after ovulation?
6 to 12 days
What is the primary component of the current generation of quantitative hCG immunoassays?
Monoclonal antibodies
What is the relationship between gonadal steroid levels and pituitary gonadotropin levels in secondary disease states?
Directly related, with both high or both low
What is the primary goal of semen analysis in male evaluation?
To monitor the success of surgical procedures
What is included in the macroscopic component of semen analysis?
Physical and chemical properties of semen
Why is it recommended to collect semen samples after 2 to 5 days of sexual abstinence?
To improve the reliability of the test
What is the purpose of hormone analyses in male evaluation?
To further evaluate abnormal semen analysis results
What is the term for the process by which the fetus is expelled from the maternal uterus to the external environment?
Parturition
What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?
Greater than 40%
What is the term for the absence of menstrual flow by age 16 years, or by age 14 years if no breast development occurs?
Amenorrhea
What is the purpose of Kleihauer-Betke testing?
To detect fetal blood in maternal circulation
What is the term for the compounds produced by the fetal lungs during lung maturation?
Surfactants
What is the primary indicator of ovarian reserve?
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels
What is the purpose of the Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test?
To assess ovarian reserve
What is the result of elevated AMH levels in disease states?
Polycystic ovary syndrome
What is the normal increase in basal body temperature after ovulation?
0.4° F to 0.8° F
What is the significance of elevated DHEAS levels?
Adrenal tumor
What is the purpose of performing a sperm count in a hemocytometer?
To estimate sperm concentration and motility
What is the normal range for total motility in semen analysis?
40% or above
What is the significance of agglutination in semen analysis?
It suggests an immunologic cause of infertility
What is the purpose of peroxidase staining in semen analysis?
To identify polymorphonuclear leukocytes
What is the significance of a low fructose level in semen analysis?
It may indicate the absence of fluid from the seminal vesicle
What is the purpose of semen analysis in male evaluation?
To estimate sperm concentration and motility
What is the grading system used to evaluate sperm motility?
Grade 1-4, with Grade 4 being the highest motility
What is the purpose of examining the pellet in semen analysis?
To detect intact or damaged sperm fragments
What is the significance of round cells in semen analysis?
They are immature germ cells or polymorphonuclear leukocytes
What is the purpose of performing a viability stain in semen analysis?
To distinguish between live and dead sperm
This quiz covers the normal physiology of reproductive function and pregnancy, including sex steroids, regulation of male and female reproduction, and laboratory evaluation of reproductive function and pregnancy. It is part of the Clinical Pathology course at PCC SOM.
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