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Plant viral diseases are major constraints causing significant yield losses worldwide in agricultural and horticultural crops. The commonly used methods cannot eliminate viral load in infected plants. Many unconventional methods are presently being employed to prevent viral infection; however, every time, these methods are not found promising. As a result, it is critical to identify the most promising and sustainable management strategies for economically important plant viral diseases. The genetic makeup of 90 percent of viral diseases constitutes a single-stranded RNA; the most promising way for management of any RNA viruses is through use ______.
Plant viral diseases are major constraints causing significant yield losses worldwide in agricultural and horticultural crops. The commonly used methods cannot eliminate viral load in infected plants. Many unconventional methods are presently being employed to prevent viral infection; however, every time, these methods are not found promising. As a result, it is critical to identify the most promising and sustainable management strategies for economically important plant viral diseases. The genetic makeup of 90 percent of viral diseases constitutes a single-stranded RNA; the most promising way for management of any RNA viruses is through use ______.
ribonucleases
The scope of involving beneficial microbial organisms in the integrated management of viral diseases is of the utmost importance and is highly ______.
The scope of involving beneficial microbial organisms in the integrated management of viral diseases is of the utmost importance and is highly ______.
imperative
This review highlights the importance of prokaryotic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/endophytic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungal organisms, as well as their possible mechanisms for suppressing viral infection in plants via ______, ISR, and the accumulation of defensive enzymes, phenolic compounds, lipopeptides, protease, and RNase activity against plant virus infection.
This review highlights the importance of prokaryotic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/endophytic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungal organisms, as well as their possible mechanisms for suppressing viral infection in plants via ______, ISR, and the accumulation of defensive enzymes, phenolic compounds, lipopeptides, protease, and RNase activity against plant virus infection.
cross-protection
The commonly used methods cannot eliminate viral load in infected plants. Many unconventional methods are presently being employed to prevent viral infection; however, every time, these methods are not found ______.
The commonly used methods cannot eliminate viral load in infected plants. Many unconventional methods are presently being employed to prevent viral infection; however, every time, these methods are not found ______.
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The genetic makeup of 90 percent of viral diseases constitutes a single-stranded RNA; the most promising way for management of any RNA viruses is through use ______.
The genetic makeup of 90 percent of viral diseases constitutes a single-stranded RNA; the most promising way for management of any RNA viruses is through use ______.
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The scope of involving beneficial microbial organisms in the integrated management of viral diseases is of the utmost ______ and is highly imperative.
The scope of involving beneficial microbial organisms in the integrated management of viral diseases is of the utmost ______ and is highly imperative.
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Actinomycetes are potential candidates for producing ______ that inhibit viral activity and promote plant growth.
Actinomycetes are potential candidates for producing ______ that inhibit viral activity and promote plant growth.
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Marine actinomycetes have been identified as a potential source of unique bioactive compounds with ______ activity.
Marine actinomycetes have been identified as a potential source of unique bioactive compounds with ______ activity.
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Bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia sp., and Bacillus sp. have shown inhibitory effects on the Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) when applied individually or in ______.
Bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia sp., and Bacillus sp. have shown inhibitory effects on the Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) when applied individually or in ______.
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A mixture of bacterial strains inhibited CLCuV with only 0.4% viral load, while control plants had ______ viral load.
A mixture of bacterial strains inhibited CLCuV with only 0.4% viral load, while control plants had ______ viral load.
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There are currently no antiviral biopreparations in the biopesticides group that act directly as antiviral agents of ______ origin.
There are currently no antiviral biopreparations in the biopesticides group that act directly as antiviral agents of ______ origin.
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Thus, exploring the potential of actinomycetes and other beneficial microorganisms in managing plant viruses is of great ______.
Thus, exploring the potential of actinomycetes and other beneficial microorganisms in managing plant viruses is of great ______.
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Principal component biplot analysis revealed significant correlations between plant attributes, viral load, and ______
Principal component biplot analysis revealed significant correlations between plant attributes, viral load, and ______
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Application of chitosan-based formulation containing Pseudomonas sp. led to increased ISR, accumulation of chitosan, and improvements in biocontrol efficacy against Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV). Minimum viral titre was quantified through semi-quantitative PCR assay and SEM, showing higher bacterial cell numbers in roots with no qualitative ______
Application of chitosan-based formulation containing Pseudomonas sp. led to increased ISR, accumulation of chitosan, and improvements in biocontrol efficacy against Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV). Minimum viral titre was quantified through semi-quantitative PCR assay and SEM, showing higher bacterial cell numbers in roots with no qualitative ______
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Pseudomonas fluorescens was effective against CMV, ToMoV, Tospovirus, and ______ in various plant hosts
Pseudomonas fluorescens was effective against CMV, ToMoV, Tospovirus, and ______ in various plant hosts
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PGPR strains, such as Zehnder et al. (1999), protected tomato plants against CMV infection through biocontrol mechanisms like nutrient competition, niche elimination, and ______
PGPR strains, such as Zehnder et al. (1999), protected tomato plants against CMV infection through biocontrol mechanisms like nutrient competition, niche elimination, and ______
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Several bacterial strains, including Azotobacter, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas, inhibited various viruses in different plant species using various ______
Several bacterial strains, including Azotobacter, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas, inhibited various viruses in different plant species using various ______
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Bacterial consortia were also effective in controlling viruses, such as CMV, Sunflower necrosis disease (SND), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), and ______
Bacterial consortia were also effective in controlling viruses, such as CMV, Sunflower necrosis disease (SND), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), and ______
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______ is used for controlling Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in several parts of the world
______ is used for controlling Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in several parts of the world
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Several fungi, such as Coriolus versicolor, Coprinus comatus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Flammulina velutipes, have been studied for their antiviral ______ and peptides
Several fungi, such as Coriolus versicolor, Coprinus comatus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Flammulina velutipes, have been studied for their antiviral ______ and peptides
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Neosartorya fischeri and Penicillium oxalicum fungal methanolic extracts have shown repressive action against TMV ______
Neosartorya fischeri and Penicillium oxalicum fungal methanolic extracts have shown repressive action against TMV ______
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The actinomycete group of bacteria produces a variety of secondary metabolites that have ______ properties
The actinomycete group of bacteria produces a variety of secondary metabolites that have ______ properties
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RNA silencing involves Dicer-like enzymes recognizing and slicing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can establish a complex called RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to ______ the virus
RNA silencing involves Dicer-like enzymes recognizing and slicing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can establish a complex called RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to ______ the virus
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Microbe-derived antiviral agents offer environmentally friendly, efficient, and degradable backup strategies for controlling plant viral ______
Microbe-derived antiviral agents offer environmentally friendly, efficient, and degradable backup strategies for controlling plant viral ______
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Endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as ______, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
Endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as ______, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
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The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as ______, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as ______, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
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The virus load in infected plants can trigger for the release of secondary volatiles and other compounds, which are highly congenial for attracting vectors. When the vector tends to feed on the plant, the virus can produce an anti-feeding substance, causing the vector to flee to a new plant, as well as influence insect vectors to feed on healthy plants. Viruses can also cause havoc among insects. Whiteflies that feed on ______ infected plants grow slowly and have low fecundity. Minor and mild strains of plant viruses can also act as elicitors in plants and it is reported in a Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) of S. lycopersicum, which depends on the mild variants of PepMV for its induction. The commercially available products in the market contain one or a combination of two mild virus strains. Go to: 3. Microbe-Induced Antiviral Mechanisms against Plant Virus Infection 3.1. Cross-Protection Microbial biological agents control and protect crops against diseases through diverse mechanisms. The application of biological agents is an alternative option for pathogen control using cross-protection. Cross protection is a type of induced resistance that develops in plants against plant viruses
The virus load in infected plants can trigger for the release of secondary volatiles and other compounds, which are highly congenial for attracting vectors. When the vector tends to feed on the plant, the virus can produce an anti-feeding substance, causing the vector to flee to a new plant, as well as influence insect vectors to feed on healthy plants. Viruses can also cause havoc among insects. Whiteflies that feed on ______ infected plants grow slowly and have low fecundity. Minor and mild strains of plant viruses can also act as elicitors in plants and it is reported in a Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) of S. lycopersicum, which depends on the mild variants of PepMV for its induction. The commercially available products in the market contain one or a combination of two mild virus strains. Go to: 3. Microbe-Induced Antiviral Mechanisms against Plant Virus Infection 3.1. Cross-Protection Microbial biological agents control and protect crops against diseases through diverse mechanisms. The application of biological agents is an alternative option for pathogen control using cross-protection. Cross protection is a type of induced resistance that develops in plants against plant viruses
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The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of ______ by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of ______ by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
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The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The ______ produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The ______ produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have antiviral properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
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The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have ______ properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
The influence of fungal secondary metabolites synthesized by endophytic association could be responsible in fungal-viral interplay mechanism. The alkaloids produced as a result of fungal endophytes application are found to have ______ properties. Endophytic colonization of onion seedlings may inhibit the feeding damage by viruliferous thrips. Furthermore, endophytic colonization also improves the futility of viruliferous thrips transmitting IYSV and has a negative impact on IYSV replication in the plant. As a result, endophytic fungi can be an essential component for tripartite (plant-endophyte-insect) interactions studies. Similar results were also reported in aphids, especially in Rhopalosiphum padi transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDY), which showed a reduced aphid population and percentage of BYDV infections in fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) infected in meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratensis), in comparison to endophyte-free plants , inferring the production of alkaloids by endophytes, such as lolines, may help in fighting meadow ryegrass from BYDV infections
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Study Notes
- Mild strain cross-protection (MSCP) is an effective method of protecting plants from viruses, especially closely related strains. It was first described around 70 years ago by Thung and Salaman.
- Cross-protection is used for controlling Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in several parts of the world.
- Mechanisms of cross-protection are not fully understood, but several plausible mechanisms include antibody formation, specific adsorption, exhaustion of essential metabolites, limited replication sites, competitiveness between viruses, and interference with viral replication or translation.
- A commonly debated cross-protection mechanism is RNA silencing.
- RNA silencing involves Dicer-like enzymes recognizing and slicing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can establish a complex called RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to silence the virus.
- There are several examples of viruses for which cross-protection has been effective, including ZYMV in squash and watermelon, Cocoa swollen shoot virus, Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in pepper and tomato, and Papaya ringspot virus.
- In the past two decades, a post-transcriptional gene-silencing (PTGS) method has been used to activate antiviral responses in plants using genome-editing and genetic transformation methods.
- Polysaccharides, polysaccharide peptides, and proteins are the main antiviral compounds found in certain fungi.
- Several fungi, such as Coriolus versicolor, Coprinus comatus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Flammulina velutipes, have been studied for their antiviral polysaccharides and peptides.
- The antiviral compounds from these fungi may encourage the expression of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and pathogenesis-related proteins in host plants, strengthening their immunity.
- Alternaria tenuissima is an example of a fungus that can help immunize plants against viruses.
- Other fungi, such as Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and P. eryngii, also have antiviral-active compounds.
- Neosartorya fischeri and Penicillium oxalicum fungal methanolic extracts have shown repressive action against TMV infections.
- The antimicrobial substances of the fungus Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2 are an ISR determining factor that exhibits resistance to TMV.
- Alkaloids are also revealed to have antiviral functions, with Trichoderma harzianum being an example.
- Microbe-derived antiviral agents offer environmentally friendly, efficient, and degradable backup strategies for controlling plant viral diseases.
- The actinomycete group of bacteria produces a variety of secondary metabolites that have antiviral properties.
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Test your knowledge on the correlation revealed in principal component biplot analysis (PCA) and the enhanced biocontrol efficacy against Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in tomato seedlings subjected to Pseudomonas sp. consortium of chitosan-based formulation. Explore the relationship between attributes, viral load, and disease incidence.
