Cell and tissue

What is the function of the centrosome in the cell?

Cell are primarily made of___?

What part of the cell’s subunit is responsible for disposal of waste, maintaining its shape/integrity, and replicating itself?

The outer boundary of the cell which makes up the three main parts of the human cell is the?

The nucleus has three recognizable region, what are these?

allows some but not all substances to pass through the nucleus, but substances pass through it much more freely than elsewhere because of its relatively large pores.

The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid called

is a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

scattered in the lipid bilayer are responsible for most of the specialized functions Of the membrane.

proteins protruding from the cell exterior are receptors

When water passes through the cell membrane the type of diffusion called ____?

When solid particles past through the cell membrane we call it_____?

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell surface formed by glycoproteins. It plays roles in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection.

The glyco proteins in the phospholipid bilayer act as the?

What are the types of cell junctions

are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets. this junctions, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly like a zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells.

The primary function of this junctions is to allow communication between cells.

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

What are the protein components of gap junctions called?

Which of the following types of junctions have protein that extends from one cell to another, thus “attaching” one cell to the other such as in the cells of the stratum spinosum?

Many cells in our body have a certain degree of space between them. Generally, there is water or fibrous products within that space; however, some cells don't have a space between them and are tightly bound to each other. Which of the following cell junctions is designed in such a manner to create a “tube” connecting one cell to the other such as in cardiomyocytes?

Which of the following do/does NOT enter or exit a cell via the activity of the transport proteins within the cell membrane?

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration, whereas __________ is the net movement of water across a membrane and __________ is the net movement of solutes across a membrane.

Which of the following typically does not require ATP (energy)?

Once in awhile, a cell needs to transport solutes against the concentration gradient. This is known as __________ transport.

Phagocytosis is an example of a type of active transport called __________.

the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells.

is a solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water.

means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others. Thus, it allows nutrients to enter the cell but keeps many undesirable or unnecessary substances out.

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Examples include the air we breathe (a mixture of gases), seawater (a mixture of water and salts), and rubbing alcohol (a mixture of water and alcohol)

What is the energy source for all types of diffusion?

Most of the cell membrane is made of...

Which of the following is responsible for getting complex (large) molecules across the cell membrane?

A cell will __________________ in a hypotonic solution.

The membrane of a cell is depicted as mosaic because it

A cell will _____________________ in a hypertonic solution.

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements.

What are the three major components of the cytoplasm?

What are inclusions?

It is continuous with the nuclear envelope and accounts for about half of a cell’s membranes

which appear in different sizes, are membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes are especially abundant in white blood cells called____?

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. The most Important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Sites of intracellular digestion. The “stomach” of the cell.

Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

Which of the cytoskeletal elements is the basis of centrioles? Of microvilli?

Cells that connects body parts

This cell has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes. It has an abundant rough ER and a large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers.

This cell carries oxygen in the blood. Its biconcave disc shape provides extra surface area for the uptake of oxygen and streamlines the cell so it flows easily through the bloodstream.

Cells that cover and line body organs

The hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb of a beehive.

What are the three types of endocytosis

is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus

defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein.

An RNA that helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

molecules are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule. They carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA (gene) in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

An RNA that molecules are small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome.

The function of _____ is to transport amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

The process of going from DNA to mRNA is called

This is the triplet of bases on the end of a tRNA molecule

The process where DNA is transcribed to mRNA happens in what part of the cell?

The function of ______ is to combine with proteins to form ribosomes.

The process where mRNA is read and made into an amino acid chain.

What is the three base sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid?

The process where mRNA is translated into amino acids happens in what part of the cell?

Which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

What are the four primary tissue types

is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. Covering and lining epithelium covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells.

Diffusion and filtration Secretion in serous membranes

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

which is one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their associated small tubes called ducts

lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

It also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries.

lines most of the respiratory tract .The mucus produced by the goblet cells in this epithelium acts as a “sticky trap” to catch dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs.

is found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth, and the esophagus

s a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs—the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra. As part of the urinary system, all of these organs are subject to considerable stretching

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

lose their ducts; thus they are often called ductless glands. Their secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands.example of this are include the thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary.

retain their ducts, and their secretions exit through the ducts to the epithelial surface. which include the sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas, are both internal and external. We discuss them with the organ systems to which their products are related.

forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

its name suggests, connects body parts. It is found everywhere in the body. It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types. It perform many functions, but they are primarily involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues.

sometimes called osseous (os′e-us) tissue, is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae (lah-ku′ne; “pits”). These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers

the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body, is a soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps (Figure 3.19e). It functions as a universal packing tissue and connective tissue “glue” because it helps to hold the internal organs together and in their proper positions

is commonly called fat. Basically, it is an areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells predominate (Figure 3.19f).

consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts

are highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement.

issue is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called ____?,which are attached to the skeleton

is found only in the heart wall. As it contracts, the heart acts as a pump to propel blood through the blood vessels

is so called because no striations are visible. The individual cells have a single nucleus and are tapered at both ends.

is a general (nonspecific) body response that attempts to prevent further injury

is extremely specific and mounts a vigorous attack against recognized invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and toxins

is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cell

involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar tissue.

is a permanent tightening of the skin affecting the underlying tendons or muscles.

may enlarge because there is some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cells. This response is called

or decrease in size, can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation. For example, the muscles of a broken leg atrophy while in a cast during the healing period.

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection.

are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck.

An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an Infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.

clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.

Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture (Figure 4.9b). Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.

is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis

arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum. The lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised borders

is a cancer of melanocytes. It accounts for only about 5 percent of skin cancers, but it is often deadly

Best suited for area subject to friction?

Propels substances across it's surface

Most suited for diffusion

Tubules of the kidney

Lines much of the respiratory tract

Lines the small and large intestine

Lining of the esophagus

Lining of the bladder

Alveolar sacs (air sacs) of the lungs

Attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

Form your hip bone

Composes basement membranes: a soft packaging tissue with a jelly like matrix

Forms the larynx and the coastal cartilages of the ribs

Firm matrix heavily invaded with fibers ; appears glassy and smooth

Matrix hard; provides levers for muscles to act on

Insulates against heat loss; provides reserve fuel

Makes up the intervertebral disc

What muscle tissue that is involuntary?

What muscle that has only one nuclei?

are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated

give the skin its elasticity when we are young