Cell and tissue

What is the function of the centrosome in the cell?

Cell division and organization of microtubules (correct)

Lipid synthesis

Energy production

Protein synthesis

Cell are primarily made of___?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogenand other smaller elements

What part of the cell’s subunit is responsible for disposal of waste, maintaining its shape/integrity, and replicating itself?

Organelles

The outer boundary of the cell which makes up the three main parts of the human cell is the?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus has three recognizable region, what are these?

Chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

allows some but not all substances to pass through the nucleus, but substances pass through it much more freely than elsewhere because of its relatively large pores.

Nuclear pores Signup and view all the answers

The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid called

Nucleoplasm Signup and view all the answers

is a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

scattered in the lipid bilayer are responsible for most of the specialized functions Of the membrane.

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

proteins protruding from the cell exterior are receptors

Peripheral protein Signup and view all the answers

When water passes through the cell membrane the type of diffusion called ____?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

When solid particles past through the cell membrane we call it_____?

Dialysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

To stabilize the membrane and keep it flexible Signup and view all the answers

is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell surface formed by glycoproteins. It plays roles in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection.

Glycocalyx Signup and view all the answers

The glyco proteins in the phospholipid bilayer act as the?

It determines your blood type, act as the receptor and play a role in cell to cell recognition. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of cell junctions

Tight junction, desmosomes, gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets. this junctions, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly like a zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells.

Tight junction Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of this junctions is to allow communication between cells.

Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

Found between heart and embryonic cell Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein components of gap junctions called?

Connexons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of junctions have protein that extends from one cell to another, thus “attaching” one cell to the other such as in the cells of the stratum spinosum?

desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

Many cells in our body have a certain degree of space between them. Generally, there is water or fibrous products within that space; however, some cells don't have a space between them and are tightly bound to each other. Which of the following cell junctions is designed in such a manner to create a “tube” connecting one cell to the other such as in cardiomyocytes?

gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following do/does NOT enter or exit a cell via the activity of the transport proteins within the cell membrane?

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration, whereas is the net movement of water across a membrane and is the net movement of solutes across a membrane.

osmosis; dialysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following typically does not require ATP (energy)?

osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Once in awhile, a cell needs to transport solutes against the concentration gradient. This is known as __________ transport.

active Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis is an example of a type of active transport called __________.

endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells.

extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

is a solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water.

Intracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others. Thus, it allows nutrients to enter the cell but keeps many undesirable or unnecessary substances out.

Selective permeability Signup and view all the answers

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Examples include the air we breathe (a mixture of gases), seawater (a mixture of water and salts), and rubbing alcohol (a mixture of water and alcohol)

Solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for all types of diffusion?

Kinetic energy Signup and view all the answers

Most of the cell membrane is made of...

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for getting complex (large) molecules across the cell membrane?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

A cell will __________________ in a hypotonic solution.

swell and perhaps burst (lyse) shrink Signup and view all the answers

The membrane of a cell is depicted as mosaic because it

is composed of many different kinds of macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

A cell will _____________________ in a hypertonic solution.

shrink Signup and view all the answers

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements.

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major components of the cytoplasm?

: The three major components of the cytoplasm are the cytosol, inclusions, and organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What are inclusions?

They are typically stored nutrients or cell products floating in the cytosol. Signup and view all the answers

It is continuous with the nuclear envelope and accounts for about half of a cell’s membranes

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

which appear in different sizes, are membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes are especially abundant in white blood cells called____?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. The most Important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Peroxisomes Signup and view all the answers

Sites of intracellular digestion. The “stomach” of the cell.

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the cytoskeletal elements is the basis of centrioles? Of microvilli?

Microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

Cells that connects body parts

Fibroblast and erythrocyte Signup and view all the answers

This cell has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes. It has an abundant rough ER and a large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers.

Fibroblast Signup and view all the answers

This cell carries oxygen in the blood. Its biconcave disc shape provides extra surface area for the uptake of oxygen and streamlines the cell so it flows easily through the bloodstream.

Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Signup and view all the answers

Cells that cover and line body organs

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

The hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb of a beehive.

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis,pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein.

gene Signup and view all the answers

An RNA that helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Signup and view all the answers

molecules are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule. They carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA (gene) in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

An RNA that molecules are small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Signup and view all the answers

The function of _____ is to transport amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

The process of going from DNA to mRNA is called

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

This is the triplet of bases on the end of a tRNA molecule

Anticodon Signup and view all the answers

The process where DNA is transcribed to mRNA happens in what part of the cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

The function of ______ is to combine with proteins to form ribosomes.

rRNA Signup and view all the answers

The process where mRNA is read and made into an amino acid chain.

Translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the three base sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid?

Codon Signup and view all the answers

The process where mRNA is translated into amino acids happens in what part of the cell?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What are the four primary tissue types

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. Covering and lining epithelium covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells.

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion and filtration Secretion in serous membranes

Simple squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Simple cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

which is one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their associated small tubes called ducts

Simple cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

simple columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

It also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries.

Simple cuboidal epithelium Signup and view all the answers

lines most of the respiratory tract .The mucus produced by the goblet cells in this epithelium acts as a “sticky trap” to catch dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs.

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

is found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth, and the esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

s a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs—the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra. As part of the urinary system, all of these organs are subject to considerable stretching

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Gland Signup and view all the answers

lose their ducts; thus they are often called ductless glands. Their secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands.example of this are include the thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary.

Endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

retain their ducts, and their secretions exit through the ducts to the epithelial surface. which include the sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas, are both internal and external. We discuss them with the organ systems to which their products are related.

Exocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

its name suggests, connects body parts. It is found everywhere in the body. It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types. It perform many functions, but they are primarily involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues.

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

sometimes called osseous (os′e-us) tissue, is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae (lah-ku′ne; “pits”). These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers of collagen fibers

Bone Signup and view all the answers

the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body, is a soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps (Figure 3.19e). It functions as a universal packing tissue and connective tissue “glue” because it helps to hold the internal organs together and in their proper positions

Areolar Connective Tissue A Signup and view all the answers

is commonly called fat. Basically, it is an areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells predominate (Figure 3.19f).

Adipose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts

Reticular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

are highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement.

Muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

issue is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called ____?,which are attached to the skeleton

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

is found only in the heart wall. As it contracts, the heart acts as a pump to propel blood through the blood vessels

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

is so called because no striations are visible. The individual cells have a single nucleus and are tapered at both ends.

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

is a general (nonspecific) body response that attempts to prevent further injury

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

is extremely specific and mounts a vigorous attack against recognized invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and toxins

Immune response Signup and view all the answers

is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cell

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar tissue.

Fibrous Signup and view all the answers

is a permanent tightening of the skin affecting the underlying tendons or muscles.

Contracture Signup and view all the answers

may enlarge because there is some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cells. This response is called

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

or decrease in size, can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation. For example, the muscles of a broken leg atrophy while in a cast during the healing period.

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection.

Col sores Signup and view all the answers

are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck.

Boils Signup and view all the answers

An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an Infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.

Athletes foot Signup and view all the answers

clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

Carbuncles Signup and view all the answers

Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.

Contact dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture (Figure 4.9b). Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.

Impetigo Signup and view all the answers

is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis

Basale cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum. The lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised borders

Stratum spinosum Signup and view all the answers

is a cancer of melanocytes. It accounts for only about 5 percent of skin cancers, but it is often deadly

Malignant melanoma Signup and view all the answers

Best suited for area subject to friction?

Stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

Propels substances across it's surface

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar Signup and view all the answers

Most suited for diffusion

Simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

Tubules of the kidney

Simple cuboidal Signup and view all the answers

Lines much of the respiratory tract

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar Signup and view all the answers

Lines the small and large intestine

Simple columnar Signup and view all the answers

Lining of the esophagus

Stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

Lining of the bladder

Transitional Signup and view all the answers

Alveolar sacs (air sacs) of the lungs

Simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

Attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones

Dense fibrous connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Form your hip bone

Osseous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Composes basement membranes: a soft packaging tissue with a jelly like matrix

Areolar connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Forms the larynx and the coastal cartilages of the ribs

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Firm matrix heavily invaded with fibers ; appears glassy and smooth

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Matrix hard; provides levers for muscles to act on

Osseous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Insulates against heat loss; provides reserve fuel

Adipose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Makes up the intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

What muscle tissue that is involuntary?

Cardiac and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What muscle that has only one nuclei?

Cardiac and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also attract and bind water and thus help to keep the skin hydrated

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

give the skin its elasticity when we are young

Elastic fibers Signup and view all the answers

Cell and tissue

Questions and Answers

What is the function of the centrosome in the cell?

Cell are primarily made of___?

What part of the cell’s subunit is responsible for disposal of waste, maintaining its shape/integrity, and replicating itself?

The outer boundary of the cell which makes up the three main parts of the human cell is the?

The nucleus has three recognizable region, what are these?

allows some but not all substances to pass through the nucleus, but substances pass through it much more freely than elsewhere because of its relatively large pores.

The nuclear membrane encloses a jellylike fluid called

is a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

scattered in the lipid bilayer are responsible for most of the specialized functions Of the membrane.

proteins protruding from the cell exterior are receptors

When water passes through the cell membrane the type of diffusion called ____?

When solid particles past through the cell membrane we call it_____?

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell surface formed by glycoproteins. It plays roles in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection.

The glyco proteins in the phospholipid bilayer act as the?

What are the types of cell junctions

are impermeable junctions that encircle the cells and bind them together into leakproof sheets. this junctions, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly like a zipper and prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells.

The primary function of this junctions is to allow communication between cells.

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

What are the protein components of gap junctions called?

Which of the following types of junctions have protein that extends from one cell to another, thus “attaching” one cell to the other such as in the cells of the stratum spinosum?

Which of the following do/does NOT enter or exit a cell via the activity of the transport proteins within the cell membrane?

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration, whereas __________ is the net movement of water across a membrane and __________ is the net movement of solutes across a membrane.

Which of the following typically does not require ATP (energy)?

Once in awhile, a cell needs to transport solutes against the concentration gradient. This is known as __________ transport.

Phagocytosis is an example of a type of active transport called __________.

the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells.

is a solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water.

means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others. Thus, it allows nutrients to enter the cell but keeps many undesirable or unnecessary substances out.

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Examples include the air we breathe (a mixture of gases), seawater (a mixture of water and salts), and rubbing alcohol (a mixture of water and alcohol)

What is the energy source for all types of diffusion?

Most of the cell membrane is made of...

Which of the following is responsible for getting complex (large) molecules across the cell membrane?

A cell will __________________ in a hypotonic solution.

The membrane of a cell is depicted as mosaic because it

A cell will _____________________ in a hypertonic solution.

semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements.

What are the three major components of the cytoplasm?

What are inclusions?

It is continuous with the nuclear envelope and accounts for about half of a cell’s membranes

which appear in different sizes, are membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes are especially abundant in white blood cells called____?

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. The most Important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Sites of intracellular digestion. The “stomach” of the cell.

Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

Which of the cytoskeletal elements is the basis of centrioles? Of microvilli?

Cells that connects body parts

This cell has an elongated shape, like the cable-like fibers that it secretes. It has an abundant rough ER and a large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers.

This cell carries oxygen in the blood. Its biconcave disc shape provides extra surface area for the uptake of oxygen and streamlines the cell so it flows easily through the bloodstream.

Cells that cover and line body organs

The hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb of a beehive.

What are the three types of endocytosis

is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus

defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein.

An RNA that helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

molecules are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule. They carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA (gene) in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

An RNA that molecules are small, cloverleaf-shaped molecules that escort amino acids to the ribosome.

The function of _____ is to transport amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

The process of going from DNA to mRNA is called

This is the triplet of bases on the end of a tRNA molecule

The process where DNA is transcribed to mRNA happens in what part of the cell?

The function of ______ is to combine with proteins to form ribosomes.

The process where mRNA is read and made into an amino acid chain.

What is the three base sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid?

The process where mRNA is translated into amino acids happens in what part of the cell?

Which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

What are the four primary tissue types

is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. Covering and lining epithelium covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells.

Diffusion and filtration Secretion in serous membranes

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

which is one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their associated small tubes called ducts

lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

It also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries.

lines most of the respiratory tract .The mucus produced by the goblet cells in this epithelium acts as a “sticky trap” to catch dust and other debris, and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs.

is found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction, such as the surface of the skin, the mouth, and the esophagus

s a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs—the urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra. As part of the urinary system, all of these organs are subject to considerable stretching

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Diffusion is the net movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration, whereas is the net movement of water across a membrane and is the net movement of solutes across a membrane.