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Research instruments are basic tools researchers use to gather data for specific research problems.

True

Which of the following are common research instruments?

  • Performance tests
  • Questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Observation checklists
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which two instruments are usually employed in quantitative research?

  • Observation checklists
  • Performance tests (correct)
  • Interviews
  • Questionnaires (correct)

    • Which two research instruments are often used in qualitative research?

    <p>Observation checklists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interviews and observation checklists can never be used in quantitative research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of validity in a research instrument?

    <p>A research instrument is considered valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reliability refer to in a research instrument?

    <p>Reliability refers to the consistency of the measures or results of the instrument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the "test-retest reliability" method?

    <p>To determine if a research instrument produces similar results when administered to the same group of respondents twice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of "equivalent forms reliability"?

    <p>To assess the consistency of scores obtained from two different versions of the same test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of "internal consistency reliability"?

    <p>To ensure that all items on a research instrument measure the same underlying construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a research questionnaire?

    <p>A questionnaire is a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from the participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A questionnaire is more advantageous than a survey in quantitative studies because it is easier to code, interpret objectively, and standardize.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are common methods for administering questionnaires?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of test question?

    <p>Survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A standardized test ensures uniformity in scoring across different groups and areas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental purpose of "natural observation" in research?

    <p>Natural observation involves studying behaviors and phenomena in their natural setting, without any manipulation or intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of "participant observation"?

    <p>The researcher becomes an active participant in the group or community they are observing, aiming to gain insights into the social dynamics and perspectives from within.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of "complete observer" role in participant observation?

    <p>The complete observer remains detached, avoiding interaction with the participants to ensure their natural behavior is not affected by the researcher's presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a "complete observer" and "observer as participant" in participant observation?

    <p>A complete observer aims for minimal interaction with the participants, while an observer as participant actively engages with the group but acknowledges their role as a researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential objective of "controlled observation"?

    <p>Controlled observation aims to collect data in a structured, standardized setting, often in an experimental context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Controlled observation is usually considered to be less reliable than natural observation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Controlled observation is often used in qualitative research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural observation is carried out in a controlled setting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural observation is often considered to be more ecologically valid than controlled observation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the "participant as observer" role in participant observation?

    <p>The potential for deception, as the participant may not be fully aware that they are being observed and studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important guideline for researchers conducting observations?

    <p>It is crucial to clarify the research objectives, ensuring that the observation process is aligned with the study's goals and research questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers should avoid disrupting the natural flow of activities while observing participants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers should always obtain informed consent from participants before conducting observations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observations are always best conducted covertly, without the participants' knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observations are often conducted for extended periods, even spanning many years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observations are solely used in qualitative research and not applicable to quantitative research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quantitative research, the data gathered from questionnaires is typically analyzed using inferential statistics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inferential statistics is often used to test hypotheses and make predictions based on the data collected.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of "univariate analysis"?

    <p>Analyzing the distribution and characteristics of a single variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis is used to examine the relationship between two variables?

    <p>Bivariate analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis is typically used to examine relationships among three or more variables?

    <p>Multivariate analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of tests would be most suitable for examining the difference between two data sets from a single group, using ordinal data?

    <p>The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the most appropriate non-parametric test for comparing paired samples with ordinal data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is often used to examine differences between two or more population means when the data is assumed to be normally distributed?

    <p>The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is commonly used to compare means across multiple groups when dealing with continuous data that follows a normal distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Instrument Validity and Reliability

    • Research instruments are tools used to collect data for specific research problems. Common ones include performance tests, questionnaires, interviews, and observation checklists.
    • Quantitative research often uses questionnaires and performance tests; qualitative research commonly utilizes interviews and observation checklists. However, observation checklists and interviews can be used in quantitative research, too, if the data is translated into numerical form.

    Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

    • Concise: Research instruments should be brief enough to encourage thorough responses without being overly tedious.
    • Sequential: Questions should progress in a logical, structured manner, typically from simple to more complex.
    • Valid and Reliable: Instruments should accurately measure what they intend to and provide consistent results.
    • Easily Tabulated: Instruments need to be designed so that data collection can be easily organized for analysis.

    Developing Research Instruments

    • Adopt an existing instrument: Utilize instruments previously developed for similar studies.
    • Modify an existing instrument: Adapt an existing one to fit the specific needs of the current research.
    • Create a new instrument: Design a new instrument based on the research question and variables.

    Common Scales

    • Likert Scale: A commonly used scale in quantitative research. It prompts respondents to rate statements on a scale (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree).
    • Semantic Differential: This scale uses bipolar adjectives to assess respondents' perceptions.

    Types of Validity

    • Face Validity: A foundational assessment; does the instrument appear to measure what it intends.
    • Content Validity: Does the instrument assess all relevant aspects of the concept being measured? Expert input is important.
    • Construct Validity: The instrument's measurements align with the theoretical concept.
    • Concurrent Validity: A new instrument results in similar results to existing, validated measures.
    • Predictive Validity: Instruments accurately predict future performance or behaviors.

    Types of Reliability

    • Test-retest Reliability: Consistency of results across repeated administrations of the instrument.
    • Equivalent Forms Reliability: Consistency between different forms of the same instrument, (e.g., two different versions of a questionnaire).
    • Internal Consistency Reliability: The items on an instrument measure the same construct (e.g., Cronbach's alpha).

    Data Collection and Analysis

    • Before: Prepare instruments, identify participants, determine sample size, obtain necessary permits/permissions, and pilot-test tools.
    • During: Administer instruments or interventions, record responses to ensure data collection is accurately and ethically conducted.
    • After: Summarize data, analyze data using appropriate techniques to answer the research question, and account for gaps in data collection.

    Types of Data Analysis

    • Descriptive Statistics: Summarize data (e.g., frequency distribution, averages).
    • Inferential Statistics: Draw conclusions from the data (e.g., testing hypotheses).

    Specific Statistical Techniques for Different Variables

    • Univariate Analysis: Analyze a single variable.
    • Bivariate Analysis: Investigate the relationship between two variables.
    • Multivariate Analysis: Explore the relationship among multiple variables.

    Test of Difference Between Two Data Sets

    • Paired t-tests: Measuring the difference on a single variable between two measurements from the same person or group (e.g. before and after).
    • Independent samples t-tests: Measuring the difference in a single variable between two distinct groups.
    • Mann-Whitney U Test: Non-parametric test for interval/ordinal, independent. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test: Non-parametric; ordinal, 2 related groups; measures difference in a single variable between two related measurements from the same person/group.

    Test of Difference between 2 or More Data Sets

    • ANOVA: Determine if there are statistically significant differences in means among 3+ groups on an interval measure.

    Types of Questions

    • Recall Questions: Respondents retrieve information from memory.
    • Recognition Questions: Respondents select answers from a list of options.
    • Open-ended Questions: Respondents freely express their thoughts.

    Data Collection

    • Questionnaires: A series of questions used to gather data from participants.
    • Interviews: Structured conversations used to collect in-depth information.
    • Observation: Watching and recording behaviors or events.

    Types of Tests

    • Standardized tests: Tests with established norms and scoring that can be administered on large groups.
    • Non-standardized tests: Tests without established norms; may differ slightly in scores depending on the person giving the test.

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