Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately reflects the behaviorist perspective on learning?

Emotional intelligence and self-awareness are the key factors in behavior changes.
Learning is primarily driven by innate cognitive structures and processes.
Unconscious desires and motivations are the main drivers of behavior and learning.
Observable behaviors are the primary focus of study, with less emphasis on internal mental states. (correct)

How would Pavlov's classical conditioning explain a dog's fear of thunderstorms?

The dog has a cognitive understanding that thunderstorms can be dangerous.
The dog has learned to associate the sound of thunder and sight of lightning ($CS$) with an unpleasant experience ($UCS$), such as a loud noise or feeling of static, leading to fear ($CR$). (correct)
The dog has a genetic predisposition to fear loud noises and flashing lights.
The dog is exhibiting a spontaneous recovery from a previously extinguished fear response.

In classical conditioning, what occurs during the extinction process?

The unconditioned stimulus is removed, leading to a gradual decrease in the conditioned response. (correct)
The subject demonstrates a sudden, unpredicted increase in the conditioned response.
The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus to strengthen the association.
A novel stimulus is introduced to create a more complex conditioned response.

What real-world example best illustrates stimulus generalization?

A child who is initially afraid of all dogs only becomes afraid of large dogs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Thorndike's Law of Effect influence behavior, and how does it differ from classical conditioning?

Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are strengthened; classical conditioning pairs stimuli to create associations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the primary difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase a behavior; negative reinforcement removes a stimulus to increase a behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between fixed interval and variable interval reinforcement schedules?

Fixed interval schedules provide reinforcement after a consistent amount of time, while variable interval schedules provide reinforcement after a changing amount of time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did Tolman’s work on cognitive maps challenge traditional behaviorist views of learning?

It showed that learning can occur without outward behavioral changes, implying internal cognitive processes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Bandura’s concept of observational learning?

Learning can occur by watching and imitating the behavior of others, including its consequences. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four necessary conditions for effective modeling in social learning theory?

Attention, retention, imitation, motivation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Gestalt psychology differ from behaviorism?

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of sensory wholes and organizational patterns in perception, while behaviorism focuses on stimulus-response associations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the Gestalt Law of Proximity?

Elements that are close together are perceived as a group. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does insight learning, as demonstrated by Köhler's experiments with chimpanzees, differ from trial-and-error learning?

Insight learning involves a sudden understanding of the problem, while trial-and-error learning involves repeated attempts until success. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How accurate conclusions are drawn by observing both overt (observable) and covert (covered/ not readily observed) behavior?

Kurt Lewin's Life Space Concept (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is Dale's Cone of Experience arranged with concrete experiences at the bottom and abstract experiences at the top?

Concrete experiences provide a more direct and engaging learning experience, enhancing retention and understanding. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of live models in social learning theory?

They provide real-time demonstrations, enhancing attention and clarity for observers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a scenario of negative punishment in operant conditioning?

Taking away a teenager's phone for failing to complete chores. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, how does discrimination differ from generalization?

Discrimination involves distinguishing between similar stimuli, while generalization involves responding similarly to different stimuli. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's social learning theory posits that learning occurs within a social context. How does this perspective differ from Skinner's operant conditioning?

Bandura integrates cognitive processes and observational learning, while Skinner primarily studies the impact of reinforcement and punishment on behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to what phenomenon?

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behaviorist Perspective

Focuses on studying observable, measurable behavior, emphasizing learning through conditioning and reinforcement.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist known for classical conditioning, demonstrated by his experiment with meat, a dog, and a bell.

Classical Conditioning

A neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (meat), leading to a conditioned response (salivation).