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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of pattern analysis in crime investigation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of crime pattern identified in the content?
How is the clearance rate of crimes calculated?
What does frequency distribution refer to in the context of analyzing crime?
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Which method helps tactical analysts to identify trends over a short-term historical period?
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What is the goal of crime frequency analysis by strategic analysts?
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What does 'seasonality' imply regarding crime patterns?
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Which of the following best describes 'hot prey' in crime patterns?
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What does accelerating indicate in the context of crime incidents?
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In tactical crime analysis, what is the typical examination period for incident data?
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What does the routine activities theory suggest about crime patterns?
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Which aspect does crime analysis NOT involve?
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What does the Pareto principle in crime analysis indicate?
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What characterizes environmental criminology?
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In the context of crime concentration, what does the law state about micro hotspots?
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What type of analysis focuses on long-term crime reduction objectives?
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Study Notes
Pattern Analysis (Chapter 5)
- Tactical analysts typically work with two weeks of data
- Collation aggregation of data involves grouping data based on similarities
- Commonality refers to an exact match in a crime pattern area. Similarity refers to a close match in a crime pattern area
- Clearance rate is calculated by dividing the number of cleared cases by the total number of cases, then multiplying by 100
- MO summary is a method of manually synthesizing multiple crime event narratives to identify patterns.
- Information is gathered from occurrence reports, tips, and social media to better understand crime patterns (who, what, where, how?)
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Types of Crimes Patterns:
- Series: A group of similar crimes believed to be committed by the same individual or group.
- Spree: A series of crimes committed in a short time period, often characterized by violence and killing.
- Hot Prey: Crimes targeting individuals who share similar characteristics or behaviors, such as gang killings.
- Hot Product: Crimes directed at a specific type of property, such as espionage which targets classified information.
- Hot Place: Crimes committed in a specific location, often repeated by the same individuals.
Analyzing Crime Frequency
- Tactical analysts analyze data from 24 hours to three months to identify short-term trends.
- Strategic analysts analyze data from three months to a decade to identify long-term trends.
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Two ways to analyze crime frequency:
- Frequency distribution: Groups values in a dataset based on predetermined categories, highlighting trends.
- Crosstabulation: A table that shows the relationship between two or more variables, used for further data analysis.
- Weighted Time Span Analysis: A method analyzing frequency fluctuations based on factors like weather, school attendance, or work schedules.
Temporal Intervals
- Accelerating: A decrease in the number of days between incidents.
- Decelerating: An increase in the number of days between incidents.
- Constant: A steady pattern in the number of days between incidents.
- Random: No discernible pattern in the timing of incidents.
Trend Comparisons
- Comparing monthly/yearly trends to other crime categories, jurisdictions, or other relevant data helps understand the significance of the trends.
- Tempogram is a graphical representation of temporal intervals between crime events in a series.
Crime Analysis (Chapter 4)
- Crime analysis aims to improve societal safety and security by reducing crime.
- Crime prevention uses proactive measures to minimize opportunities for crime.
- Crime analysis does not involve crime scene investigation, forensic profiling, or analysis of physical evidence.
- Tactical Crime Analysis: Provides immediate analytical support for cases, examining incident data from 24 hours to three months.
- Strategic Crime Analysis: Focuses on long-term crime reduction objectives by analyzing data over extended periods (3 months to decades). It uses both primary and secondary data, facts, and theories.
Environmental Criminology
- Environmental criminology focuses on understanding why crime occurs in specific locations and situations, rather than why individuals become criminals.
- It explores how environmental factors create opportunities for crime.
The Crime Triangle
- The Crime Triangle includes:
- Offender: The person committing the crime.
- Target/Victim: Can be a human or an inanimate object.
- Place: Any physical location including a temporal dimension.
Routine Activities Theory and the Problem Analysis Triangle
- Crime pattern theory states that opportunities for crime arise when the activity spaces of potential offenders and potential victims/targets overlap.
- Offenders often commit crimes within their familiar activity spaces, especially places they frequent due to their daily routines.
- Pareto principle: A small number of places account for a large proportion of crime events (20/80 rule).
- The Law of Crime Concentration states that 50% of crime happens in 2 to 6% of micro places, and these hotspots remain stable.
- True Repeats: A target is victimized on multiple occasions by the same type of crime.
- Near Repeats: Offenses occur at locations near where similar crimes have happened previously.
- Displacement: When crime shifts to a new location due to increased security or police presence in the original location.
- Micro Hotspots: Small, specific locations with an elevated crime rate, often concentrated around known crime generators.
- Micro-Hotspot Analysis: A method of identifying and analyzing micro hotspots to develop effective intervention strategies.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of crime pattern analysis in this quiz. From understanding commonality and similarity to learning about crime series and spree, this chapter delves into the tactical aspects of data aggregation and clearance rates. Test your knowledge on how tactical analysts interpret crime data.
