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Questions and Answers
What do environmental criminologists investigate when examining the physical characteristics of a crime site?
What do environmental criminologists investigate when examining the physical characteristics of a crime site?
- The physical features of the location and its layout (correct)
- The socioeconomic status of the surrounding area
- The weather conditions at the time of the crime
- The offense history of the offender
What is the primary concern of environmental criminologists when analyzing the movements of the offender and target?
What is the primary concern of environmental criminologists when analyzing the movements of the offender and target?
- The interaction between the offender, target, and crime site in time and space (correct)
- The mode of transportation used by the offender
- The distance between the offender's residence and the crime site
- The time of day the crime occurred
What is the primary focus of Environmental Criminology?
What is the primary focus of Environmental Criminology?
- Understanding the motivations of the offender
- Developing strategies for law enforcement
- Studying the impact of crime on the victim's family
- Analyzing the characteristics of the crime site and its context (correct)
What is the relationship between the physical location, the offender, the target, and the law, according to Environmental Criminology?
What is the relationship between the physical location, the offender, the target, and the law, according to Environmental Criminology?
What is the ultimate goal of Environmental Criminology?
What is the ultimate goal of Environmental Criminology?
What is the fundamental assumption about criminals in Environmental Criminology?
What is the fundamental assumption about criminals in Environmental Criminology?
Which of the following is a key concept in the Rational-Choice Perspective?
Which of the following is a key concept in the Rational-Choice Perspective?
What is the primary purpose of mapping crimes in Environmental Criminology?
What is the primary purpose of mapping crimes in Environmental Criminology?
What is the common theme among the choice structuring properties that influence an individual's decision to commit a crime?
What is the common theme among the choice structuring properties that influence an individual's decision to commit a crime?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is considered when examining the physical and social characteristics of a crime site?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is considered when examining the physical and social characteristics of a crime site?
Which of the following factors is NOT a element of the Routine-Activity Approach?
Which of the following factors is NOT a element of the Routine-Activity Approach?
According to the Lifestyle Theories of Victimization, what is the primary factor that influences an individual's chances of personal victimization?
According to the Lifestyle Theories of Victimization, what is the primary factor that influences an individual's chances of personal victimization?
What is the term coined by Marvin Wolfgang to describe situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death?
What is the term coined by Marvin Wolfgang to describe situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death?
What is the primary goal of situational crime prevention?
What is the primary goal of situational crime prevention?
What is the term used to describe the re-victimization of an individual by people such as the police or family members?
What is the term used to describe the re-victimization of an individual by people such as the police or family members?
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Study Notes
Environmental Criminology
- Examines the location and context of a specific crime to understand and explain crime patterns
- Asks: Where and when did the crime occur? What are the physical and social characteristics of the crime site? What movements bring offender and target together at the crime site? How does physical "location in time and space" interact with the offender, target/victim, and law?
Assumptions and Perspectives
- Assumes criminals are motivated individuals in society
- Rational-Choice Perspective: developed by Clarke & Cornish, based on utilitarianism and economic choice theory
- Choice structuring properties to commit a crime fall into seven categories:
- Number of targets and accessibility
- Familiarity with the chosen method
- Monetary yield per crime
- Expertise needed
- Time required to commit the act
- Physical danger involved
- Risk of apprehension
Routine-Activity Approach
- Crime occurs when there is a likely offender, suitable target, and absence of a capable guardian
- Later revisions added the absence of a personal handler
- Focuses on routine activities to see how offenders come in contact with suitable victims and targets
Theories of Victimization: Lifestyle Theories
- Propositions:
- Probability of suffering personal victimization relates to time spent in public places, especially at night
- Probability of being in public places varies with lifestyle
- Social contacts and interactions occur disproportionately among individuals with similar lifestyles
- Chances of personal victimization depend on demographic characteristics shared with offenders
- Proportion of time spent among non-family members varies with lifestyle
- Probability of personal victimization increases with time spent among non-family members
- Variations in lifestyle associate with ability to isolate from persons with offender characteristics
- Variations in lifestyle associate with convenience, desirability, and visibility as a target
Victim-Offender Interaction
- Marvin Wolfgang coined the term "victim precipitation" for situations where victims initiate confrontations that lead to their death
- Estimated that one quarter to one half of intentional homicides are victim-precipitated
- Secondary victimization refers to re-victimization by people such as the police or family members
Preventing Crimes Against Places, People, and Valuable Goods
- Situational crime prevention seeks to protect places, people, and valuable goods from victimization
- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) reduces crime by re-designing places and environments
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