Patient's Experience in Emergency Care

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Questions and Answers

What is the initial step in understanding participant data?

Get a sense of your data by reading and re-reading the interviews.

What is a code in qualitative research?

A code is a label or name that describes a particular condensed meaning unit.

What is the purpose of formulating categories in data analysis?

Categories describe different aspects, similarities, or differences of the text's content that belong together.

What is a theme in qualitative research?

A theme captures a common, recurring pattern across a dataset, organized around a central concept. Signup and view all the answers

Codes can only be used once and cannot be adjusted.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did the participant express about their experience in the emergency center?

They felt left alone and abandoned. Signup and view all the answers

What is a codebook and why is it important?

A codebook is a record of emergent codes, their descriptions, and data examples. Signup and view all the answers

What can collaborative coding and member checks increase?

The validity of knowledge claims. Signup and view all the answers

The overarching theme from the patient's experience is: The emergency centre through patients' eyes- __________.

Alone and cold in chaos Signup and view all the answers

What should be done while coding according to Saldana (2009)?

Keep a record of emergent codes. Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data is messy.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a key instrument of qualitative data analysis?

The researcher Signup and view all the answers

What should you start doing as you are collecting qualitative data?

Start analyzing data. Signup and view all the answers

Name two examples of qualitative data.

Interview transcripts and field notes. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ approach to data analysis derives coded categories directly from the text data.

inductive Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis focuses on identifying core narratives from personal stories?

Narrative analysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the six phases of Braun & Clarke's thematic analysis?

Familiarizing with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining themes, writing up. Signup and view all the answers

Thematic analysis is tied to a specific epistemological perspective.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following coding methods with their descriptions:

Simultaneous coding = Applying two or more codes within a single datum Values coding = Captures and labels subjective-value perspectives Descriptive coding = Summarizes the primary topic of the excerpt In Vivo Coding = Code taken verbatim from the data Signup and view all the answers

What should you keep in mind when identifying patterns in qualitative data?

Data are within fuzzy boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

Content analysis can quantify qualitative data.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential pitfall of content analysis?

Using the main interview questions as themes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data analysis emphasizes understanding themes within qualitative data?

Thematic analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of narrative analysis in qualitative research?

Interpreting core narratives from personal stories Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a pattern suggests that it occurs in a specific order?

Sequence Signup and view all the answers

What does grounded theory analysis aim to achieve in research?

Discover or construct theory from collected data Signup and view all the answers

Which type of analysis is more interpretive and contrasts with systematic methods like content analysis?

Discourse analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of patterns in qualitative research refers to the relationship between different events?

Correspondence Signup and view all the answers

According to Tesch, what should be considered about data during the coding process?

Data are within 'fuzzy' boundaries at best Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable aspect of the deductive approach in qualitative data analysis?

It derives coded categories from theoretical assumptions Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the participant's feelings based on their experience of being admitted into the emergency center?

They experienced a sense of abandonment. Signup and view all the answers

How should codes be grouped for effective data analysis?

By their similarity or related concepts. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect do categories address in data analysis?

The visible and obvious content in the data. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of formulating sub-categories in qualitative data analysis?

They help in organizing closely related codes systematically. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of action is indicated by the participant's statement 'they just left me'?

Staff negligence or abandonment. Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, what natural process occurs when analyzing data from participant experiences?

Integrating personal codes and reactions to findings. Signup and view all the answers

What should be reflected in category names when conducting qualitative analysis?

Relevant and concise facts. Signup and view all the answers

What focus does the analysis of participant experiences in the emergency center suggest regarding staff actions?

Significant gaps in proper care and attention. Signup and view all the answers

What type of coding captures action or behavior through a specific word or phrase?

Process Coding Signup and view all the answers

Which coding method is best suited for summarizing the primary topic of a datum?

Descriptive Coding Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes semantic themes from latent themes in thematic analysis?

Semantic themes reflect the participant’s explicit expressions. Signup and view all the answers

What approach involves coding multiple times for different aspects of a single datum?

Simultaneous Coding Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the flexibility of thematic analysis as a method?

It is not tied to any single theoretical framework. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following coding methods represents a broad and generalized perspective of the data?

Holistic Coding Signup and view all the answers

What coding method is used for verbatim text taken directly from the data?

In Vivo Coding Signup and view all the answers

Which step comes after generating initial codes in Braun & Clarke's six-phase framework?

Review themes. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes top-down thematic analysis as described by Braun & Clarke?

It is guided by specific research questions. Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT typically a focus during the coding of field notes?

How can I best categorize this data? Signup and view all the answers

Which coding technique allows for a more detailed approach by applying multiple codes to a single datum?

Splitter Coding Signup and view all the answers

What is a key action to take in Step 1 of thematic analysis?

Read and re-read the transcripts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Values Coding in qualitative research?

To label subjective-value perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Why is thematic analysis particularly beneficial in the context of diverse work in learning and teaching?

It offers flexibility to adapt to various research contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about thematic analysis is incorrect?

It is bound to a researcher’s theoretical perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'bottom-up' approach in thematic analysis primarily rely on?

The data itself. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent content' refer to in the context of themes?

The inferred or underlying meaning that can be interpreted. Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best summarizes the overarching theme identified from the patient's experience?

The emergency centre through patients' eyes - Alone and cold in chaos. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'Staff action and non-action' encompass?

Both the actions taken by staff and instances where they fail to act. Signup and view all the answers

According to the identified themes, what is a significant unmet need expressed by patients?

Effective communication and care from staff. Signup and view all the answers

What does the action of being pushed into the middle of the room represent in the context of patient experience?

An abandonment or neglect of the patient's needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of naming themes descriptively with verbs, adverbs, and adjectives?

To convey a clear and engaging understanding of the data. Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response do patients express as part of the theme 'Not a person, just a body in the hectic EC'?

A sense of dehumanization and neglect. Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining a codebook during coding is important for which reason?

To record emergent codes and their data examples for consistency. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of involving research subjects in the coding process?

It enhances the validity of knowledge claims. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting member checks in qualitative research?

To validate interpretations through collaboration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods allows researchers to synthesize divergent interpretations of data?

Collaborative coding among multiple researchers. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with the triangulation of interpretations in coding?

Reduced potential bias in analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What activity is suggested to express personal identity through selected phrases or images?

Writing a paragraph based on chosen pictures or phrases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of defining themes in qualitative research?

To identify the essence of each theme and their relationships Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the patient's experience is highlighted in their statement about being pushed into the room?

Feeling neglected Signup and view all the answers

Which action best describes the staff's interaction with the patient according to the data?

Indifferent response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reviewing themes in the thematic analysis process?

To ensure that themes are coherent and supported by relevant data Signup and view all the answers

What does the participant’s experience suggest about the communication aspect during their admission?

Lack of communication Signup and view all the answers

When codifying data, what is a potential error researchers might make?

Excessively categorizing data, leading to narrowed understanding Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative data analysis, what does grouping codes into categories indicate?

Identification of broader themes Signup and view all the answers

How does content analysis differ from thematic analysis in qualitative research?

Thematic analysis does not focus on frequency but rather on meaning Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the emotional state of the participant when stating they felt left alone?

Abandoned Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential when searching for themes in qualitative data?

Identifying the significance of recurring ideas and patterns Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes latent themes from semantic themes in thematic analysis?

Latent themes identify conceptualizations that inform semantic content, unlike semantic themes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes bottom-up thematic analysis?

It primarily uses data to inform the development of themes rather than a fixed focus. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is essential when formulating categories in qualitative research?

Manifest content Signup and view all the answers

During the process of reviewing themes, researchers must consider which of the following?

Whether data contradicts the proposed themes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Step 5 in Braun & Clarke's six-phase framework?

To define and refine the identified themes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of qualitative coding, what does the term 'subtheme' refer to?

An essential element that supports or contrasts with a main theme Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the participant's feelings towards the staff's actions?

Feeling neglected Signup and view all the answers

How does thematic analysis maintain its flexibility as a qualitative method?

It can adapt to diverse theoretical frameworks and research questions. Signup and view all the answers

What could be considered a sub-category related to the patient's experience of abandonment?

Staff responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step of the thematic analysis process?

Writing up findings in a report or article Signup and view all the answers

What does the initial familiarization with data in Step 1 typically entail?

Reading and re-reading transcripts to make preliminary observations. Signup and view all the answers

In thematic analysis, what is a key benefit of using a combination of semantic and latent analyses?

It allows for a more nuanced understanding of the data by exploring both explicit and implicit meanings. Signup and view all the answers

What role does thematic analysis play in qualitative research?

It identifies, analyzes, and reports patterns across qualitative data. Signup and view all the answers

How does Step 4 of Braun & Clarke's framework contribute to the thematic analysis process?

It reviews and checks themes against the data for consistency and coherence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the participant's feeling of being 'left alone' in the emergency center primarily indicate?

A lack of professionalism and communication Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect should be emphasized in a theme according to qualitative analysis principles?

Descriptive language with verbs, adverbs, and adjectives Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the emergency center experience, which overarching theme best represents the patient's perspective?

The Emergency Centre Through Patients' Eyes - Alone and Cold in Chaos Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the code 'Left alone' in the context of patient experiences?

Neglect and lack of staff engagement Signup and view all the answers

What type of content does a theme express according to the content discussed?

Latent meanings found in multiple categories Signup and view all the answers

How should a researcher approach the creation of emergent codes in qualitative data analysis?

Maintain a record in a comprehensive codebook Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'not a person, just a body' imply about patient care in the emergency center?

The impersonal and dehumanizing treatment of patients Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent content' capture in the context of theme analysis?

Underlying meanings found within various categories Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Patient's Experience in Emergency Centre

The patient felt abandoned in the emergency centre.
They were pushed to the center of the room, left alone without assistance or explanation.
The patient expressed feeling dismissed.
The care provider did not communicate with the patient once they had been placed in the room.

Defining a Category

Categories group codes with similarities based on content or context.
Categories should answer who, what, when, or where and are based on manifest content.
Category names should be factual and succinct.

Formulating a Category

First create sub-categories - groups of related codes.
Sub-categories with similar content are combined into categories.

Theme

Themes represent recurring patterns across a dataset, highlighting central concepts.
Themes offer interpretations of multiple categories and are expressed on a latent level.
They answer questions like why, how, in what way, or by what means.
Themes are descriptive and use verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.

Code Book

Keep a record of all codes, their descriptions, and examples in a codebook for easy reference.

Collaborative Coding and Member Checks

Multiple researchers can code the same data to ensure interpretive convergence.
Researchers can involve research subjects in coding, either through collaborative coding or member checks.
Member checks increase the validity of knowledge claims.

Data Analysis: Pantoum Poem

A pantoum is a poem where stanzas have four lines.
The second and fourth lines of each stanza are repeated as the first and third lines of the next stanza.
Choose six striking utterances from your data for your pantoum poem.

Individual Activities

Choose two pictures, two phrases, or two words that represent you.
Write a paragraph or two about who you are.
Highlight six lines of the text that express who you are.
Create a pantoum poem from data, selecting six utterances that are prominent.
Present your pantoum poem in a 15-minute individual presentation.

Types of Data Analysis

Content analysis focuses on identifying words, themes, or concepts within qualitative data
Thematic analysis involves identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns within qualitative data to find themes
Narrative analysis interprets core narratives from personal stories within a study group, using first-person accounts to understand individual experiences
Grounded theory analysis aims to discover or construct theories from data
Discourse analysis is an interpretive method of analyzing texts, considering both details and contextual knowledge

Patterns in Data

Patterns can be characterized by similarity, difference, frequency, sequence, correspondence, and causation
Data can be characterized by "fuzzy boundaries"
Codes emerge not only from expected patterns, but also from surprising, unusual, or conceptually captivating aspects of the data

Deductive Approach to Data Analysis

Deductive approaches start with a research question and use specific extracts to find evidence to support the answer

Thematic Analysis

Identifies, analyzes, and reports patterns (themes) within data
Provides a qualitative, detailed, and nuanced account of data
Involves searching for common threads across interviews or sets of interviews
Is a method, flexible and adaptable to different epistemological perspectives

Semantic and Latent Analysis

Semantic analysis focuses on the explicit or surface meanings of data
Latent analysis looks beyond the surface meaning to examine underlying ideas, assumptions, and ideologies
Both semantic and latent analysis are used to understand data in the context of thematic analysis

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Thematic Analysis

Top-down thematic analysis is driven by research questions and the analyst's focus
Bottom-up thematic analysis is driven by the data itself

Braun & Clarke's Six-Phase Framework for Thematic Analysis

Step 1: Become familiar with the data through reading and re-reading transcripts, making notes, and jotting down early impressions
Step 2: Generate initial codes through line-by-line coding to code every single line, or aspects of the data that are deemed salient
Step 3: Search for themes by grouping codes into categories that share common elements
Step 4: Review themes by refining and adjusting them based on the data
Step 5: Define themes by giving them clear and concise labels
Step 6: Write-up by writing a report summarizing the identified themes, explanations, and examples

Coding Methods

Simultaneous Coding: Applying two or more codes to a single datum, highlighting interconnected elements
Values Coding: Capturing and labeling subjective-value perspectives within the data
Holistic or "Lumper" Coding: Using one code to represent an entire excerpt, capturing its essence
Process Coding: Using a word or phrase to capture action or behavior within the data
Descriptive Coding: Summarizing the primary topic of an excerpt or datum
In Vivo Code: Using a verbatim phrase from the data as a code, often in quotation marks
Initial Coding: An open-ended approach where the researcher codes their first impressions of the data
Splitter Coding: Breaking data into smaller parts to utilize multiple codes, contrasting with Holistic or "Lumper" coding

Questions for Coding Field Notes

What are people doing?
What are they trying to accomplish?
How exactly do they do this?
What specific means and/or strategies do they use?
How do members talk about, characterize, and understand what is going on?
What assumptions are they making?
What do I see going on here?
What did I learn from these notes?
Why did I include them?

Coding Activity

“They pushed me into the middle of the room and then walked away...they just left me."
- Code: Left alone
- Category: Staff action and non-action; unmet need; lack of communication; lack of professionalism
- Theme: Not a person, just a body in the hectic EC, dehumanizing care in the EC

Keeping a Codebook

Maintaining a record of emergent codes, descriptions, and data examples in a codebook, separate file, or through qualitative analysis software helps organize and manage the coding process

Definition of a Category

A category describes the aspects, similarities or differences in the content that belong together

Formulating a Category

Assimilate smaller groups of closely related codes into sub-categories
Group sub-categories together based on related content
Categories answer questions about who, what, when, or where
Categories are an expression of manifest content, i.e., what is visible and obvious in the data
Category names are factual and short

Theme Definition

Themes capture patterns across a dataset, organized around a central idea
Themes express an underlying meaning, i.e., latent content, found in two or more categories
Themes answer questions such as why, how, in what way, or by what means
Theme names are descriptive and include verbs, adverbs, and adjectives

Theme Example

Data: “They pushed me into the middle of the room and then walked away … they just left me”
Theme: The emergency centre through patients' eyes- Alone and cold in chaos
Theme: Not a person, just a body in the hectic EC, dehumanizing care in the EC

Theme Identification

Identifying themes helps researchers go beyond the literal content of data and understand the deeper meaning of the patterns
By identifying themes, researchers can develop a more nuanced understanding of the data.

Thematic Analysis

A method used to identify, analyze, and report patterns within data.
Provides a qualitative, detailed, and nuanced account of data.
Involves the search for common trends across an entire interview or set of interviews.

Thematic Analysis as a Method

A method, not a methodology.
Not tied to a particular epistemological or theoretical perspective.
Flexible method suitable for diverse areas of study.

Semantic and Latent Analysis

Semantic themes: Focus on the explicit or surface meanings of the data.
Latent level: Looks beyond the surface meaning to identify underlying ideas, assumptions, and ideologies.

Top-down and Bottom-up Thematic Analysis

Top-down or theoretical: Driven by the specific research question(s) and/or the analyst’s focus.
Bottom-up or inductive: Driven by the data itself.

Braun & Clarke’s Six-Phase Framework for Thematic Analysis

Step 1: Become familiar with the data:
- Reading and re-reading transcripts.
- Making notes and jotting down early impressions.
Step 2: Generate initial codes:
- Line-by-line coding to code every single line.
Step 3: Search for themes:
- No hard and fast rules about what makes a theme.
- A theme is characterized by its significance.
Step 4: Review themes:
- Gather all data relevant to each theme.
- Assess if themes make sense, if data supports them, and if there are overlapping themes.
Step 5: Define themes:
- Final refinement of themes.
- Identify the 'essence' of each theme.
- Explain how themes relate to each other.
Step 6: Write-up:
- The end-point of research is usually a report.

Content Analysis

Used to determine trends and patterns of words used, their frequency, relationships, and the structures and discourses of communication.
Examines who says what, to whom, and with what effect.

Codifying and Categorizing

Codify: To arrange things in a systematic order, categorize, or make something part of a system.
Categories: Generated by grouping similarly coded data based on shared characteristics.
Categories can be descriptive or more conceptual, depending on the method.

Themes

Themes: Capture a common, recurring pattern across a dataset, organized around a central organizing concept.
Themes describe the different facets of a pattern across the dataset and express underlying meaning (latent content).
Themes answer questions like why, how, in what way, or by what means.
Theme names are descriptive and use verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.

Keeping a Codebook

It's recommended to keep a record of codes, their content descriptions, and a brief data example in a codebook.

Collaborative Coding and Member Checks

Multiple researchers can code the same raw data and attempt to bridge or synthesize divergences.
Researchers can involve study subjects in the coding/analytical process to increase the validity of knowledge claims.

Data analysis: Pantoum poem

A pantoum poem is a form of poetry where the second and fourth lines of each stanza are repeated as the first and third lines of the next stanza.
The final line of the poem is often the same as the first line of the first stanza.

Data presentation: How to write a pantoum poem

The author provides a simplified guide for writing a pantoum poem.

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Description

This quiz explores the feelings and experiences of patients in an emergency center, highlighting issues of abandonment and lack of communication from care providers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding patient perspectives to improve the healthcare experience.