unit 1 phlebotomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for verifying patient identification in venipuncture?

  • To comply with standard precautions for infection control
  • To prevent lab errors and ensure accurate results (correct)
  • To meet hospital administrative requirements
  • To ensure patient comfort during the procedure
  • What should you do if you find any discrepancies in patient identification during venipuncture?

  • Continue with the procedure and hope for the best
  • Ask the patient to sign a waiver
  • Call the lab to report the error
  • Get the information corrected before proceeding (correct)
  • Why is it essential to ensure the patient has followed dietary instructions before a specific test?

  • To ensure accurate lab results (correct)
  • To meet hospital policy requirements
  • To prevent bleeding complications
  • To reduce the risk of patient discomfort
  • What is the primary purpose of applying the tourniquet during venipuncture?

    <p>To facilitate a successful blood draw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to position the patient's arm correctly during venipuncture?

    <p>To facilitate a successful blood draw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for washing hands and putting on gloves during venipuncture?

    <p>To meet standard precautions for infection control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you notice any discrepancies in the patient's arm band during venipuncture?

    <p>Get the information corrected before proceeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to ensure 100% accuracy when identifying a patient during venipuncture?

    <p>To prevent lab errors and ensure accurate results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of asking the patient to spell their name during the venipuncture process?

    <p>To verify patient identification and prevent errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to apply gloves during the venipuncture process?

    <p>To comply with standard precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for positioning the patient's arm straight and slightly downward during venipuncture?

    <p>To facilitate easy insertion of the needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to palpate the vein before inserting the needle?

    <p>To locate the vein and ensure correct insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assembling the needle and syringe during the venipuncture process?

    <p>To ensure the correct order of draw for the test tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to anchor the vein during the venipuncture process?

    <p>To ensure the vein is stable during needle insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for cleansing the site with alcohol and letting it dry before inserting the needle?

    <p>To reduce the risk of infection transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of re-palpating the vein after re-applying the tourniquet?

    <p>To locate the vein and ensure correct insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to avoid using a vein with a pulse?

    <p>It is an artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to palpate above and below the initial vein location?

    <p>To trace the path of the vein for proper entry point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with using a vein in an arm with a fistula or vascular graft?

    <p>Blood contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to do a 2-minute shutdown before collecting a blood sample from a site above an IV cannula?

    <p>To prevent contamination from the IV fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a good vein for venipuncture?

    <p>It has a spongy feeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid using veins in areas with tissue fluid accumulation?

    <p>It can alter test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using a sclerosed vein for venipuncture?

    <p>Impaired blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to follow a correct order of collection when multiple tubes are required?

    <p>To prevent contamination between tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for removing the tourniquet during venipuncture?

    <p>To prevent hemoconcentration and unnecessary discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to palpate the vein carefully during a hand draw?

    <p>To avoid hitting a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of assembling the butterfly apparatus during venipuncture?

    <p>To secure the tubing and Luer adapter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to reclamp the tourniquet after releasing it during venipuncture?

    <p>To secure the needle in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of failing to follow dietary instructions before a lab test?

    <p>Inaccurate lab results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to position the patient's arm correctly during venipuncture?

    <p>To ensure the needle is inserted at the correct angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cleansing the site with alcohol during venipuncture?

    <p>To prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to fill the tubes according to the correct order of draw during venipuncture?

    <p>To ensure accurate lab results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cleaning the venipuncture site with 70% Isopropyl alcohol?

    <p>To reduce the risk of infection and kill microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you anchor the vein during venipuncture?

    <p>To prevent the vein from rolling during the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the 'C' hold or two-finger technique discouraged during venipuncture?

    <p>It can cause the needle to recoil and spring back into the phlebotomist's arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended angle for inserting the needle during venipuncture?

    <p>15° - 30° with the bevel up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you avoid depressing the skin by pushing down on the needle during venipuncture?

    <p>It may cause pain to the patient and increase the risk of blood leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the patient moves their arm during venipuncture?

    <p>Remove the needle and start the procedure again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to remove the needle cover right before the puncture during venipuncture?

    <p>To prevent the needle from becoming contaminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do after inserting the needle and checking for blood return during venipuncture?

    <p>Smoothly push the tube into the holder without moving the needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding actions during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 17 = Fill the syringe by slowly and firmly pulling on the plunger with the non-drawing hand. Step 18 = Withdraw the needle and immediately apply pressure for 3-5 minutes with a clean gauze. Step 21 = Place a vacuum tube in the transfer device in order of draw. Step 23 = Label all tubes immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding reasons during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 17 = To prevent hemolysis and vein collapse. Step 22 = To draw blood from the syringe into the tube. Step 24 = To reduce the chance of a needle stick injury. Step 27 = To prevent biohazard contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding equipment used during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 20 = Transfer device Step 21 = Vacuum tube Step 22 = Internal needle Step 19 = Needle safety guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding safety precautions during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 19 = Applying needle safety guard to prevent needle stick injury. Step 24 = Disposing of syringe assembly in a sharps container. Step 27 = Removing and discarding contaminated items in a biohazard container. Step 18 = Applying pressure for 3-5 minutes with a clean gauze to prevent bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding actions after blood collection during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 24 = Dispose of syringe assembly immediately in one piece in a sharps container. Step 25 = Examine the patient's arm 5-10 seconds before applying a bandage. Step 26 = Thank the patient and say goodbye. Step 27 = Remove and discard all contaminated items into a biohazard container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding purposes during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 16 = To release the tourniquet once there is evidence of blood in the hub of the needle. Step 17 = To fill the syringe by slowly and firmly pulling on the plunger with the non-drawing hand. Step 21 = To place a vacuum tube in the transfer device in order of draw. Step 23 = To label all tubes immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding post-venipuncture care during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 25 = Examine the patient's arm 5-10 seconds before applying a bandage. Step 26 = Thank the patient and say goodbye. Step 27 = Remove and discard all contaminated items into a biohazard container. Step 18 = Apply pressure for 3-5 minutes with a clean gauze to prevent bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding equipment handling during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 19 = Placing needle safety guard on the needle. Step 20 = Attaching transfer device to syringe. Step 21 = Placing vacuum tube in the transfer device. Step 24 = Disposing of syringe assembly in a sharps container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps of the phlebotomy procedure with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Step 11 = Dispose of the lancet device Step 12 = Apply gentle pressure to the patient's finger Step 13 = Wipe away the first blood drop Step 14 = Collect hematology samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following precautions with their corresponding reasons in phlebotomy:

    <p>Puncturing a bone = Osteomyelitis or osteochondritis Not wiping away the first blood drop = Unnecessary tissue fluid dilution Not applying gentle pressure = Insufficient blood flow Not disposing of the lancet device = Blood contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps of the phlebotomy procedure with their corresponding purposes:

    <p>Step 15 = To prevent platelet clumping Step 16 = To minimize blood flow decrease Step 17 = To ensure blood collection Step 18 = To prevent blood contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phlebotomy procedures with their corresponding age groups:

    <p>Heel stick = Less than 1 year old Venipuncture = More than 1 year old Arm stick = More than 2 years old Finger stick = Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phlebotomy procedures with their corresponding precautions:

    <p>Heel stick = Avoid puncturing a bone Venipuncture = Avoid using a vein with a pulse Finger stick = Wipe away the first blood drop Arm stick = Apply gentle pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phlebotomy procedures with their corresponding consequences:

    <p>Not wiping away the first blood drop = Unnecessary tissue fluid dilution Puncturing a bone = Osteomyelitis or osteochondritis Not disposing of the lancet device = Blood contamination Not applying gentle pressure = Insufficient blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phlebotomy procedures with their corresponding steps:

    <p>Heel stick = Step 1-5 Venipuncture = Step 6-10 Finger stick = Step 11-15 Arm stick = Step 16-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phlebotomy procedures with their corresponding importance:

    <p>Heel stick = High importance for children less than 1 year old Venipuncture = Moderate importance for adults Finger stick = Low importance for blood sampling Arm stick = High importance for blood collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding actions during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 19 = Fill the vacuum tubes according to the correct order of draw Step 21 = Remove the tourniquet and withdraw the needle Step 20 = Mix the tubes gently Step 22 = Engage the needle safety guard and dispose of the needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding reasons during venipuncture:

    <p>Step 19 = Prevent contamination Step 20 = Prevent hemolysis Step 21 = Prevent hematoma Step 22 = Prevent needle sticks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding precautions:

    <p>Step 19 = Prevent repositioning the needle Step 20 = Avoid vigorous mixing Step 21 = Apply pressure to the puncture site Step 22 = Dispose of the needle immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding consequences:

    <p>Step 20 = Hemolysis Step 21 = Hematoma Step 22 = Needle sticks Step 19 = Contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding tube handling techniques:

    <p>Step 19 = Use the opposite hand to insert each tube Step 20 = Mix the tubes gently Step 21 = Invert the filled tubes Step 22 = Label the tubes immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding safety measures:

    <p>Step 19 = Use the correct order of draw Step 20 = Avoid vigorous mixing Step 21 = Apply pressure to the puncture site Step 22 = Dispose of the needle in a sharps biohazard container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding sample handling techniques:

    <p>Step 19 = Fill the tubes according to the correct order of draw Step 20 = Invert the filled tubes gently Step 21 = Label the tubes immediately Step 22 = Dispose of the needle and holder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following venipuncture steps with their corresponding error prevention measures:

    <p>Step 19 = Use the correct order of draw Step 20 = Avoid vigorous mixing Step 21 = Apply pressure to the puncture site Step 23 = Label the tubes immediately to prevent errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with what to do if a patient faints:

    <p>Call for help = Do not leave the patient alone until they are fully recovered Put the patient in a semi-prone position if possible = Allow the patient to rest until they feel better Offer a glass of water or juice = Place a cold compress on the patient's forehead and neck Do not panic = All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with what to do if a patient has a seizure:

    <p>Remove the needle from the patient's arm immediately = Do not restrict movement Call for help = Ease the patient to the floor Do not panic = Loose clothing, especially around the neck Place something soft under the head = Do not put anything in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with petechiae:

    <p>Prolonged straining = Coagulation problems or abnormalities Certain medical conditions = Injuries and sunburn Medications = Bleeding from capillaries into the skin Specific types of injuries = Tiny non-raised red spots on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with what a phlebotomist should do if a patient has petechiae:

    <p>Make sure bleeding stops prior to leaving the patient = Be aware of the patient's bleeding history Be cautious of excessive bleeding after blood collection = Apply direct pressure to the bleeding site Monitor the patient's vital signs = Check for any underlying medical conditions Avoid using the affected vein for blood collection = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with the correct description of petechiae:

    <p>Tiny blood vessels = Linking arteries to veins Capillaries = Bleeding into the skin Small red spots on the skin = Tiny non-raised red spots on the skin Phlebotomy complication = May be caused by coagulation problems or abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with what to do if a patient is about to faint:

    <p>Call for help = Place a cold compress on the patient's forehead and neck Put the patient in a semi-prone position if possible = Offer a glass of water or juice Do not leave the patient alone until they are fully recovered = Allow the patient to rest until they feel better All of the above = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with the correct description of a seizure:

    <p>Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance = In the brain Uncontrolled muscle movement = May be due to coagulation problems or abnormalities Loss of consciousness = A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain Bleeding from capillaries into the skin = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with what to do during a seizure:

    <p>Remove the needle from the patient's arm immediately = Do not panic Call for help = Ease the patient to the floor Loose clothing, especially around the neck = Do not restrict movement Place something soft under the head = Do not put anything in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their reasons:

    <p>Removing gloves = Standard precautions Wiping up spills with 1:10 bleach solution = Standard precautions Observing sites for 5-10 seconds before applying bandage = To prevent hematoma Thanking the patient and saying goodbye = Customer satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following equipment with their uses:

    <p>Butterfly infusion set = Fragile veins or small volume of blood Butterfly needle = Hands, elderly or children Winged-shaped plastic extensions = Gripping the needle 5-12 inch tubing = Connecting stainless steel needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their purposes:

    <p>Removing and discarding contaminated items = Standard precautions Drawing a discard tube first = Maintaining blood/anticoagulant ratio Removing gloves and washing hands = Standard precautions Documenting any deviations from SOP = Compliance with standard operating practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tubes with their uses:

    <p>Coagulation tube = First tube drawn with butterfly No additive tube = Discard tube Light blue tube = Alternative discard tube Biohazard container = Disposing contaminated items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their prevention methods:

    <p>Hematoma = Observing sites for 5-10 seconds before applying bandage Blood contamination = Removing and discarding contaminated items Incorrect patient identification = Verifying patient identification Hemolysis = Using correct needle and syringe assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their purposes:

    <p>Assembling the butterfly apparatus = Preparing for venipuncture Cleansing the site with alcohol = Preventing infection Reclamping the tourniquet = Maintaining blood flow Documenting deviations from SOP = Compliance with standard operating practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of samples with their characteristics:

    <p>Lipemic samples = High lipid content Icteric samples = High bilirubin content Hemolyzed samples = Ruptured red blood cells Normal samples = No abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following precautions with their purposes:

    <p>Standard precautions = Preventing blood contamination Using gloves = Preventing skin contact with blood Wiping up spills with bleach solution = Disinfecting surfaces Documenting deviations from SOP = Compliance with standard operating practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolysis is caused by the breakdown of WBC and release of hgb.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerve damage can be caused by lateral redirection of the needle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolysis can be detected by a bluish coloring of the plasma/serum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Icteric samples are characterized by a dark yellow to dark brown color due to the presence of bilirubin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A partially filled tube can cause an incorrect blood-to-additive ratio.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a needle with too large a gauge can cause hemolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflux of additive can cause an adverse reaction in the patient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipemic samples are rejected due to their high fat content.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blind probing can cause vein damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shaking tubes can cause hemolysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoconcentration is caused by an increase in fluid content of blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centrifuging at too low a speed can cause hemolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using jerky movements during venipuncture can cause nerve damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemolysis can be caused by drawing blood through a hematoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paralysis can increase the chance of thrombosis during venipuncture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Icteric samples are typically rejected due to their high bilirubin content.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Probing is a recommended technique to find a vein during venipuncture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A vein with a pulse can be used for venipuncture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You can only attempt to get a blood sample once.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tourniquet is too tight is a cause of loss of vacuum due to damage of the tube.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the needle is not inserted far enough, the needle will not enter the vein.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reason for repositioning the needle is to cause hemolysis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should remove the tourniquet during the draw.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collapsing of the vein is a cause of loss of vacuum due to bevel partially out of skin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sclerosed veins are typically easy to puncture and yield accurate results.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edema is a normal accumulation of fluid in tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hematoma is a normal response to venipuncture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applying inadequate pressure after venipuncture can help prevent hematomas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastectomy sites are ideal for venipuncture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inserting the needle through the vein can help prevent hematomas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bending the arm after venipuncture can help prevent hematomas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a vein that is too small or fragile for the needle size can help prevent hematomas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heparin is an anticoagulant that binds with Calcium to prevent blood clotting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EDTA is used in Immunohematology and has a pink stopper tube.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium Citrate is an anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxalates are an example of anticoagulants that inhibit the formation of thrombin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heparin is used in Chemistry Department for electrolytes, cholesterol, and glucose tests.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EDTA is used in whole blood hematology studies, including CBC and sedimentation rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Citrates are used in Ammonia and HgbA1C tests.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EDTA is used in trace metal tests, such as lead and zinc, in the Royal Blue Tube.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Patient Identification and Verification

    • Verify patient identification by matching the patient's first and last name, date of birth, and PHIN number (or other unique identifier) with the information on their Manitoba Health Card or hospital arm band.
    • Ask the patient to spell their name and provide their birth date to ensure accuracy.
    • Make sure all necessary information is correct before proceeding.

    Importance of Accurate Patient Identification

    • Accurate patient identification is crucial to prevent lab errors.
    • The patient must be positively identified to ensure the correct test results.
    • If any information is incorrect or missing, do not perform the procedure. Get the information corrected before continuing.

    Pre-Procedure Preparation

    • Make sure the patient has followed dietary instructions if required for a specific test.
    • Wash hands and put on gloves as a standard precaution.
    • Position the patient for venipuncture with their arm straight and slightly downward.

    Venipuncture Procedure

    • Apply the tourniquet 3-4 inches above the intended venipuncture site.
    • Palpate a vein to determine its depth and patency.
    • Assemble all necessary supplies and equipment, including the needle and syringe.
    • Position the equipment and pop the barrel of the syringe to remove any air.
    • Reapply the tourniquet and re-palpate the vein before inserting the needle.
    • Cleanse the site with alcohol and let it dry before inserting the needle.
    • Anchor the vein and insert the needle at a 15° angle with the bevel up, following the direction of the vein.

    Importance of Proper Venipuncture Technique

    • Use a proper venipuncture technique to prevent rolling of the vein.
    • Do not use the two-finger technique (also called the "C" hold) for safety reasons.
    • Do not depress the skin by pushing down on the needle as it is inserted, as this can cause pain to the patient and increase the risk of blood leakage.

    Post-Procedure Care

    • Remove the needle cover and put the needle into the holder.
    • Smoothly push the tube into the holder without moving the needle.
    • Release the tourniquet when blood begins to flow.
    • Fill the tubes according to the correct order of draw and invert additive tubes to mix.

    Inappropriate Sites for Venipuncture

    • Avoid using arms with mastectomy, edematous areas, hematomas, or sites above an IV cannula.
    • Do not use arms with fistulas or vascular grafts, or those that are being transfused.
    • Avoid using sclerosed veins, as they are hardened due to numerous punctures and may lead to errors in lab results.
    • Avoid using arms with paralysis, as it increases the chance of thrombosis.

    Phlebotomy Procedure

    • Release the tourniquet once there is evidence of blood in the hub of the needle.
    • Fill the syringe by slowly and firmly pulling on the plunger with the non-drawing hand to prevent hemolysis and vein collapse.
    • Withdraw the needle and immediately apply pressure for 3-5 minutes with a clean gauze.
    • Apply needle safety guard and place needle in a sharp container.

    Syringe Transfer Device

    • Attach the transfer device to the syringe.
    • Place a vacuum tube in the transfer device in the order of draw.
    • Push the tube onto the internal needle until the stopper is pierced.
    • Blood from the syringe is drawn into the tube without pushing the plunger.

    Labeling and Disposal

    • Label all tubes immediately with patient's name, identification number, date, time of collection, and initials.
    • Dispose of syringe assembly immediately in one piece in a sharps container to reduce the chance of a needle stick injury.
    • Dispose of contaminated items into a biohazard container, wiping up any spills with 1:10 bleach solution.

    Patient Care

    • Examine the patient's arm 5-10 seconds before applying a bandage to prevent hematoma.
    • Thank the patient and say goodbye for customer satisfaction.
    • Remove and discard all contaminated items into a biohazard container, wiping up any spills with 1:10 bleach solution.

    Heel Stick

    • Recommended for children less than 1 year old.
    • Be careful not to puncture a bone, as it may cause osteomyelitis or osteochondritis.

    Butterfly Method

    • Used for fragile veins, hands, elderly, or children, when a small volume of blood is sufficient.
    • 23-gauge needle is the most common.
    • If a coagulation tube is the first tube drawn, a discard tube should be drawn first to fill up the dead space and maintain blood/anticoagulant ratio (9:1).

    Patient Complications

    • If a patient faints, allow them to rest, offer a glass of water or juice, and do not leave them alone until fully recovered.
    • If a patient has a seizure, remove the needle, call for help, ease them to the floor, and do not restrict movement.

    Petechiae

    • Tiny non-raised red spots that appear on the skin when a tourniquet is applied.
    • May be due to coagulation problems or abnormalities.
    • Phlebotomist must be aware that the patient may bleed excessively after blood collection and ensure bleeding stops prior to leaving the patient.

    Order of Draw

    • Fill vacuum tubes according to the correct order of draw.
    • Do not move the hand used to insert the needle, and use the opposite hand to insert each tube into the holder and invert the filled tubes.
    • Mix tubes gently to prevent hemolysis and clotting.

    Safety Precautions

    • Remove gloves and wash hands after the procedure.
    • Document any deviations from the approved procedure (SOP – Standard Operating Practices).
    • Dispose of all contaminated equipment in a biohazard container.

    Hemolysis

    • Detected by a pink or reddish coloring of the plasma/serum
    • Affects tests such as K, LD, AST, CBC, Glucose, and Coagulation tests
    • Causes of hemolysis include:
      • Using a needle with too small a gauge
      • Using a small needle with a large tube
      • Improperly attached needle (frothing)
      • Pulling the plunger back too fast
      • Drawing blood through a hematoma
      • Shaking tubes
      • Forcing blood from a syringe into a tube
      • Collecting blood above an IV
      • Tourniquet too close to puncture site
      • Tourniquet too tight
      • Using fragile hand veins
      • Not allowing alcohol to dry
      • Prolonged contact of plasma to RBCs
      • Centrifuging at too high a speed
      • Underfilled grey stopper tube

    Icteric

    • Characterized by a dark yellow to dark brown color
    • Caused by the presence of bilirubin, a hemoglobin waste product from red blood cells
    • Symptoms of jaundice include:
      • Yellow tinge to the skin and whites of the eyes
      • Dark urine
      • Itchiness

    Lipemia

    • Caused by accumulation of lipoprotein particles
    • Lipemic samples have a higher fat content, making them thicker and milkier
    • Specimens are rejected if lipemic

    Problem Sites

    • Obesity: use longer tourniquet and try median cubital or cephalic vein
    • Paralysis: avoid drawing blood from paralyzed arm, increased chance of thrombosis and difficulty detecting nerve injury
    • Nerve Damage: avoid by selecting proper vein, using smooth movements, not inserting the needle too far, and minimizing patient movement
    • Infection: avoid by following proper sterilization and venipuncture procedures

    Vein Damage and Reflux

    • Vein Damage: avoid numerous venipunctures in the same area over time, and avoid blind probing and improper technique
    • Reflux of Additive: blood flows back into the vein from the collection tube, causing adverse reactions; keep the arm in a downward position and the tube below the venipuncture site

    Hemoconcentration and Partially Filled Tubes

    • Hemoconcentration: a decrease in fluid content of blood, causing an increase in non-filterable large molecules; caused by stagnation of normal venous flow due to tourniquet
    • Partially Filled Tubes: incorrect blood-to-additive ratio, causing erroneous results; underfilled tubes can lead to hemolysis or incorrect test results

    Collection Tube Issues

    • Wrong or Expired Collection Tube: incorrect or outdated tubes can cause erroneous results or contamination

    Tube Vacuum

    • Loss of Vacuum: due to bevel partially out of skin, damage to the tube, or incorrect insertion
    • Solutions: reposition the needle, advance the needle slightly farther into the vein, or release the tourniquet slightly

    Needle Position

    • Correct Needle Position: blood can flow freely into the needle
    • Incorrect Needle Position: needle not inserted far enough, or needle not in the vein

    Damaged Veins

    • Sclerosed Veins: hardened veins
    • Thrombosed Veins: clotted veins
    • Solutions: use another site if possible, or draw below (distal to) damaged veins

    Edema

    • Causes: abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues, IV infiltration, or swelling
    • Effects: veins are harder to locate, and tissue is fragile

    Hematoma

    • Causes: blood leaking from vessel during venipuncture, failure to remove the tourniquet, applying inadequate pressure, excessive probing, or failure to insert the needle in the vein
    • Effects: painful, contaminates blood sample, and obstructs blood flow

    Anticoagulants

    • Definition: substances that prevent blood from clotting
    • Examples: EDTA, citrates, heparin, oxalates
    • Methods: binding or precipitation of calcium, or inhibiting the formation of thrombin

    Specific Anticoagulants

    • EDTA: used for whole blood hematology studies, immunohematology, and ammonia testing; binds with calcium and interrupts the coagulation process
    • Heparin: used for chemistry tests, inhibits thrombin, and is the most common anticoagulant used in the chemistry department
    • Sodium Citrate: used for coagulation studies, binds with calcium and interrupts the coagulation process

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