Pathophysiology Quiz 101
48 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following can be a cause of Hypokalemia?

  • Increased intake of magnesium-containing antacids
  • Continuous gastric suctioning (correct)
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Increased sodium intake

Which of the following is a characteristic of emphysema?

  • Increased mucus production
  • Smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi
  • Enlargement of the alveoli (correct)
  • Inflammation and hypersensitivity

Which of the following signs or symptoms is associated with Hypercalcemia?

  • High blood pressure (correct)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Positive Trousseau sign
  • Hyporeflexia

What is the primary cause of pulmonary embolism?

<p>Blood clots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for a low level of potassium in the blood?

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory disorder is characterized by the development of pus in the pleural space?

<p>Empyema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of Hypocalcemia?

<p>Hypoparathyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of Hyperkalemia?

<p>Increased sodium intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with tension pneumothorax?

<p>Tracheal deviation away from the affected side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'blue bloaters' and 'pink puffers' in chronic bronchitis?

<p>The level of oxygen in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a low level of calcium in the blood?

<p>Hypocalcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of Hypokalemia?

<p>Arrhythmias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory disorder involves a buildup of mucus in the airways?

<p>Chronic bronchitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action in asthma?

<p>Smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to Hypokalemia?

<p>Medication: potassium-wasting diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of pulmonary embolism?

<p>Empyema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of Hypocalcemia?

<p>Chvostek sign (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of an ischemic stroke?

<p>A blood clot blocking an artery in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nursing action for a patient experiencing a seizure?

<p>Restraining the patient to prevent injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for an ischemic stroke?

<p>An intravenous (IV) injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)?

<p>5-15 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

<p>Slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of kidney function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

<p>A brain tumor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

<p>Increased blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection (UTI)?

<p>Infection or inflammation of any part of the urinary system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased blood pressure and edema?

<p>Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms associated with excessive magnesium intake?

<p>Peaked T waves and bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate initial treatment for a pleural effusion?

<p>Thoracentesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?

<p>Weak pulse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of Chronic Kidney Disease related to calcium metabolism?

<p>Kidney stone formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes pneumothorax?

<p>Air leaks into the pleural cavity causing respiratory issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of hyperkalemia due to renal disease?

<p>Peaked T waves on ECG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is appropriate for a tension pneumothorax?

<p>Chest tube insertion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing action for managing left-sided heart failure?

<p>Monitor daily weights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the myocardium?

<p>Myocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of right-sided heart failure that is not typically present in left-sided heart failure?

<p>Edema of the extremities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is typically used to manage gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

<p>Proton pump inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended nursing action for a patient with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

<p>Elevate the affected extremity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In patients with Crohn's disease, what is an important nursing action?

<p>Maintain NPO status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of chronic hypertension?

<p>Increased blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nursing action for a patient diagnosed with gastritis?

<p>Maintain NPO status and provide parenteral nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is appropriate for a patient with appedicitis prior to surgery?

<p>IV hydration and maintain NPO status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of peptic ulcer disease, which nursing action is essential?

<p>Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary instructions should be followed for managing cirrhosis?

<p>Regular intake of vitamin KADE supplements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a characteristic of cholelithiasis?

<p>Necrosis of the gallbladder wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which symptom is most indicative?

<p>Severe headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is critical during a seizure?

<p>Ensure the environment is free from hazards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

<p>Ulceration and inflammation of the colon and rectum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypokalemia

A condition where the body has a low level of potassium.

Hyperkalemia

A condition where the body has a high level of potassium.

Trousseau's Sign

A clinical manifestation of hypocalcemia characterized by muscle spasms and cramping, particularly in the hands.

Chvostek's Sign

A clinical manifestation of hypocalcemia characterized by twitching of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypocalcemia

A condition where the body has a low level of calcium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypercalcemia

A condition where the body has a high level of calcium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypomagnesemia

It's a condition where the body is deficient in magnesium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypermagnesemia

It's a condition where the body has a high concentration of magnesium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diuretics

A group of drugs that increase urination and help remove excess fluid from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyponatremia

A condition that occurs when the body has a low level of sodium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pleural Effusion

The accumulation of excess fluid within the pleural space, surrounding the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemothorax

The presence of blood in the pleural space.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pneumothorax

The presence of air in the pleural space, causing a collapsed lung.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tension Pneumothorax

A type of pneumothorax where air builds up in the pleural space, increasing pressure and putting pressure on the heart and lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thoracentesis

A procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space using a needle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chest Tube Insertion

A tube inserted into the chest to drain fluid or air from the pleural space.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Empyema

Inflammation of the pleural space, resulting in fluid accumulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening condition characterized by dangerously low blood sugar levels, caused by a deficiency of insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is empyema?

An infection occurring in the space between the lung and the chest wall, characterized by the accumulation of pus. Pus is a thick fluid that is usually white, yellow, pink or green in color.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a pneumothorax?

A condition where air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A kind of pneumothorax where the pressure in the chest cavity builds up, causing difficulty breathing and compressing the heart and lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a spontaneous pneumothorax?

A type of pneumothorax that occurs without an obvious cause, often due to a small hole in the lung.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is chronic bronchitis?

A respiratory condition marked by frequent coughing and excess mucus production, often caused by inflammation of the bronchi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is asthma?

A chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and hypersensitivity of the airways, leading to narrowing of the bronchi and difficulty breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A condition that occurs when a blood clot travels from a vein, usually in the legs, and blocks an artery in the lung.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is emphysema?

A condition characterized by the enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and a decrease in lung capacity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left-sided Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart's left ventricle can't pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Right-sided Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart's right ventricle can't pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the myocardium, the heart muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GERD

A digestive disorder caused by the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crohn's Disease

Inflammation of the small and large intestines.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gastritis

Impaired ability of the stomach to produce acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gallstones

Hardened deposits of cholesterol or bile pigments that form in the gallbladder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the colon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cirrhosis

A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and impaired liver function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A sore that develops in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ulcerative Colitis

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NPO status

Maintaining a state of no food or drink by mouth prior to surgery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intracranial Pressure

The normal intracranial pressure is between 5-15 mmHg. Increased intracranial pressure is a life-threatening buildup of pressure within the skull, which can compress the brain and other vital structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Seizure

A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain, causing a temporary disruption of normal brain function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epilepsy

A condition characterized by repeated seizures over time, often with no clear triggers and can be managed with medication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ischemic Stroke

Caused by a blockage (clot) that stops blood flow to the brain, leading to brain damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain breaks open and bleeds, causing brain damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A sudden deterioration in kidney function, often caused by damage to the filtering units in the kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of kidney function, which can lead to kidney failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection of any part of the urinary system (bladder, urethra, kidneys), often caused by bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Electrolyte Imbalance

  • Sodium (Na): Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L. Functions: Maintains blood volume and blood pressure, fluid balance. Causes: Excessive sweating, diuretics, vomiting, excessive suctioning, SIADH, heart failure. Signs/Symptoms: Hypotension, weak pulse, tachycardia, muscle weakness, seizures, coma.
  • Potassium (K): Normal range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. Functions: Maintains heart and muscle contractions. Causes: Potassium-wasting diuretics, alkalosis, NPO status. Signs/Symptoms: ECG changes (ST depression, flattened T waves), weak pulse, constipation, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion. High K levels: ECG changes (peaked T waves), increased DTR, muscle cramps, weakness.
  • Calcium (Ca): Normal range: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L. Functions: Blood clotting, muscle contraction, bone strength. Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, celiac/Crohn's disease, kidney disease. Signs/Symptoms: Positive Trousseau/Chvostek signs, risk of fractures, tetany, spasms. High Ca levels: Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, excessive calcium intake.
  • Magnesium (Mg): Normal range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L. Functions: Muscle relaxation, nerve function. Causes: Malabsorption syndrome, increased magnesium excretion, renal disease, antacids or laxatives containing Mg. Signs/Symptoms: Arrhythmias, tachycardia, high blood pressure, positive Chvostek/Trousseau's sign, low RR, hypotension, bradycardia, weak pulse.

Respiratory Disorders

  • Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space. Treatment: Thoracentesis, chest tube insertion, treat underlying condition.
  • Hemothorax: Pathophysiology: Blood accumulation in the pleural cavity. Causes respiratory distress. Treatment: Stabilize patient, stop bleeding, thoracentesis, chest tube insertion.
  • Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology: Air leaks into the pleural space. Types: Spontaneous, tension, traumatic. Signs/Symptoms: Shortness of breath, cyanosis, tachycardia, asymmetrical chest movement, diminished breath sounds, chest pain, tracheal deviation.
  • Empyema: Pathophysiology: Pus develops in the pleural space (thick, discolored fluid: white, yellow, pink, or greenish fluid).

Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Angina: Chest pain due to decreased myocardial oxygenation. Causes: Increased myocardial oxygen demand, decreased coronary artery blood flow. Treatment: Oxygen, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelets.
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart damage due to lack of oxygen. Causes: Coronary artery blockage. Treatment: Oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, morphine, EKG monitoring.
  • Heart Failure (HF): Inability of the heart to pump enough blood. Types: Left-sided and Right-sided. Signs/Symptoms: Dyspnea, crackles, edema in extremities, abdominal distention, weight gain, JVD, tachycardia, tachypnea. Treatment: Diuretics, low sodium diet, oxygen.
  • Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid accumulation in the pericardium (surrounding the heart). Signs/Symptoms: Muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypotension, tachycardia.
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot formation in the deep veins, usually in lower extremities. Signs/Symptoms: Swelling, pain, warmth, redness. Treatment: Elevating the limb, anticoagulants, thrombolytics.
  • Peripheral vascular disease (PVD): Condition that narrows or blocks blood vessels, which restrict blood flow to the extremities. Treatment: Elevated extremities, blood thinners and lifestyle changes.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

  • GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Causes: Stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus. Treatment: Antacids, proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists.
  • Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining. Causes: Infection, autoimmune disorders, medications. Treatment: Avoidance of irritating foods, medications.
  • Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix. Causes: Obstruction. Treatment: Appendectomy, IV fluids, and pre-operative care (NPO+ IVF).
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease: Ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. Causes: Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Treatment: Medications, avoiding irritating foods.
  • Ulcerative Colitis: Inflammation of the colon and rectum. Causes: Unknown. Treatment: Diets, medication to suppress the immune system.
  • Crohn's Disease: Inflammation of the digestive tract. Causes: Unknown. Treatment: Suppress the immune system, medications, diet
  • Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. Causes: Gallstones. Treatment: Removal of the gallbladder, if required, low fat diet and other medication.
  • Cholelithiasis: Gallstones in the gallbladder. Causes: Bile salts and cholesterol. Treatment: Removing the gallbladder, dissolving gallstones, medication.
  • Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease. Causes: Alcoholism, viral hepatitis. Treatment: Diet changes and medications.

Renal Disorders

  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Sudden kidney damage. Causes: Pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal. Signs/Symptoms: Oliguria (decreased urine output), elevated BUN/Creatinine. Treatment: Dialysis, fluid balance management.
  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. Stages: Based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Treatment: Dialysis, kidney transplant, medication.
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections in any part of the urinary system. Types: Cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis. Signs/Symptoms: Pain, fever, urinary urgency/frequency. Treatment: Antibiotics.
  • Renal Calculi: Kidney stones. Types: Calcium, struvite, cystine, uric acid. Causes: Minerals and salts depositing in the urinary tract. Treatment: Pain management, increased fluid intake, straining urine, dietary restrictions.

Neurological Disorders

  • Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Rise in pressure inside the skull. Causes: Trauma, tumors, hemorrhage. Signs/Symptoms: Headache, vomiting, changes in level of consciousness, altered breathing patterns. Treatment: Managing underlying cause, drugs, surgery.
  • Stroke: Loss of neurological functions. Types: Ischemic (clot), hemorrhagic (bleeding). Treatment: Anticoagulation, anticoagulants, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), control of bleeding.
  • Seizures: Uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. Types: Generalized, focal. Treatment: Antiepileptic drugs, managing underlying cause.

Pharmacology (General)

  • General Information: The use of medication to treat various conditions and the mechanisms that affect these medications, like their effects, side effects and considerations.

Pharmacology (Specific drug classes, e.g. Opioids, Antibiotics)

General information about the specific drugs.

Nursing Considerations (General)

Additional considerations when administering medications.

Nursing Considerations (Specific drug classes, e.g. Opioids, Antibiotics)

Additional considerations when administering specific drugs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Medical-Surgical Nursing PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and their characteristics with this Pathophysiology Quiz. Explore questions about hypokalemia, emphysema, pulmonary embolism, and more. Perfect for medical students and professionals wanting to reinforce their understanding of critical concepts.

More Like This

Hypokalemia and Alkalosis Mechanisms
45 questions

Hypokalemia and Alkalosis Mechanisms

UserFriendlyIntelligence avatar
UserFriendlyIntelligence
Hypokalemia vs Hyperkalemia Pre-Test
12 questions

Hypokalemia vs Hyperkalemia Pre-Test

LightHeartedLepidolite avatar
LightHeartedLepidolite
Pharmacology Experiments Overview
8 questions

Pharmacology Experiments Overview

LighterNephrite2394 avatar
LighterNephrite2394
Hypokalemia Overview and Causes
7 questions

Hypokalemia Overview and Causes

CharismaticTabla6276 avatar
CharismaticTabla6276
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser