Pathophysiology Quiz 101

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following can be a cause of Hypokalemia?

Increased intake of magnesium-containing antacids

Continuous gastric suctioning (correct)

Hyperparathyroidism

Increased sodium intake

Which of the following is a characteristic of emphysema?

Increased mucus production

Smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi

Enlargement of the alveoli (correct)

Inflammation and hypersensitivity

Which of the following signs or symptoms is associated with Hypercalcemia?

High blood pressure (correct)

Muscle weakness

Positive Trousseau sign

Hyporeflexia

What is the primary cause of pulmonary embolism?

Blood clots Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct term for a low level of potassium in the blood?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory disorder is characterized by the development of pus in the pleural space?

Empyema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of Hypocalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of Hyperkalemia?

Increased sodium intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with tension pneumothorax?

Tracheal deviation away from the affected side Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'blue bloaters' and 'pink puffers' in chronic bronchitis?

The level of oxygen in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a low level of calcium in the blood?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of Hypokalemia?

Arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory disorder involves a buildup of mucus in the airways?

Chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action in asthma?

Smooth muscle constriction of the bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to Hypokalemia?

Medication: potassium-wasting diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of pulmonary embolism?

Empyema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of Hypocalcemia?

Chvostek sign Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of an ischemic stroke?

A blood clot blocking an artery in the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nursing action for a patient experiencing a seizure?

Restraining the patient to prevent injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for an ischemic stroke?

An intravenous (IV) injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)?

5-15 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of kidney function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A brain tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Infection or inflammation of any part of the urinary system Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased blood pressure and edema?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms associated with excessive magnesium intake?

Peaked T waves and bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate initial treatment for a pleural effusion?

Thoracentesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?

Weak pulse Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of Chronic Kidney Disease related to calcium metabolism?

Kidney stone formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes pneumothorax?

Air leaks into the pleural cavity causing respiratory issues Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of hyperkalemia due to renal disease?

Peaked T waves on ECG Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is appropriate for a tension pneumothorax?

Chest tube insertion Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing action for managing left-sided heart failure?

Monitor daily weights Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the myocardium?

Myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of right-sided heart failure that is not typically present in left-sided heart failure?

Edema of the extremities Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is typically used to manage gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Proton pump inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended nursing action for a patient with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Elevate the affected extremity Signup and view all the answers

In patients with Crohn's disease, what is an important nursing action?

Maintain NPO status Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of chronic hypertension?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nursing action for a patient diagnosed with gastritis?

Maintain NPO status and provide parenteral nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is appropriate for a patient with appedicitis prior to surgery?

IV hydration and maintain NPO status Signup and view all the answers

In the management of peptic ulcer disease, which nursing action is essential?

Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What dietary instructions should be followed for managing cirrhosis?

Regular intake of vitamin KADE supplements Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a characteristic of cholelithiasis?

Necrosis of the gallbladder wall Signup and view all the answers

In the context of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which symptom is most indicative?

Severe headache Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is critical during a seizure?

Ensure the environment is free from hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

Ulceration and inflammation of the colon and rectum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Electrolyte Imbalance

Sodium (Na): Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L. Functions: Maintains blood volume and blood pressure, fluid balance. Causes: Excessive sweating, diuretics, vomiting, excessive suctioning, SIADH, heart failure. Signs/Symptoms: Hypotension, weak pulse, tachycardia, muscle weakness, seizures, coma.
Potassium (K): Normal range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. Functions: Maintains heart and muscle contractions. Causes: Potassium-wasting diuretics, alkalosis, NPO status. Signs/Symptoms: ECG changes (ST depression, flattened T waves), weak pulse, constipation, hyporeflexia, lethargy, confusion. High K levels: ECG changes (peaked T waves), increased DTR, muscle cramps, weakness.
Calcium (Ca): Normal range: 8.5-10.5 mEq/L. Functions: Blood clotting, muscle contraction, bone strength. Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, celiac/Crohn's disease, kidney disease. Signs/Symptoms: Positive Trousseau/Chvostek signs, risk of fractures, tetany, spasms. High Ca levels: Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, excessive calcium intake.
Magnesium (Mg): Normal range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L. Functions: Muscle relaxation, nerve function. Causes: Malabsorption syndrome, increased magnesium excretion, renal disease, antacids or laxatives containing Mg. Signs/Symptoms: Arrhythmias, tachycardia, high blood pressure, positive Chvostek/Trousseau's sign, low RR, hypotension, bradycardia, weak pulse.

Respiratory Disorders

Pleural Effusion: Pathophysiology: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space. Treatment: Thoracentesis, chest tube insertion, treat underlying condition.
Hemothorax: Pathophysiology: Blood accumulation in the pleural cavity. Causes respiratory distress. Treatment: Stabilize patient, stop bleeding, thoracentesis, chest tube insertion.
Pneumothorax: Pathophysiology: Air leaks into the pleural space. Types: Spontaneous, tension, traumatic. Signs/Symptoms: Shortness of breath, cyanosis, tachycardia, asymmetrical chest movement, diminished breath sounds, chest pain, tracheal deviation.
Empyema: Pathophysiology: Pus develops in the pleural space (thick, discolored fluid: white, yellow, pink, or greenish fluid).

Cardiovascular Disorders

Angina: Chest pain due to decreased myocardial oxygenation. Causes: Increased myocardial oxygen demand, decreased coronary artery blood flow. Treatment: Oxygen, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiplatelets.
Myocardial Infarction (MI): Heart damage due to lack of oxygen. Causes: Coronary artery blockage. Treatment: Oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, morphine, EKG monitoring.
Heart Failure (HF): Inability of the heart to pump enough blood. Types: Left-sided and Right-sided. Signs/Symptoms: Dyspnea, crackles, edema in extremities, abdominal distention, weight gain, JVD, tachycardia, tachypnea. Treatment: Diuretics, low sodium diet, oxygen.
Cardiac Tamponade: Fluid accumulation in the pericardium (surrounding the heart). Signs/Symptoms: Muffled heart sounds, JVD, hypotension, tachycardia.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot formation in the deep veins, usually in lower extremities. Signs/Symptoms: Swelling, pain, warmth, redness. Treatment: Elevating the limb, anticoagulants, thrombolytics.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD): Condition that narrows or blocks blood vessels, which restrict blood flow to the extremities. Treatment: Elevated extremities, blood thinners and lifestyle changes.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Causes: Stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus. Treatment: Antacids, proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists.
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining. Causes: Infection, autoimmune disorders, medications. Treatment: Avoidance of irritating foods, medications.
Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix. Causes: Obstruction. Treatment: Appendectomy, IV fluids, and pre-operative care (NPO+ IVF).
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. Causes: Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Treatment: Medications, avoiding irritating foods.
Ulcerative Colitis: Inflammation of the colon and rectum. Causes: Unknown. Treatment: Diets, medication to suppress the immune system.
Crohn's Disease: Inflammation of the digestive tract. Causes: Unknown. Treatment: Suppress the immune system, medications, diet
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. Causes: Gallstones. Treatment: Removal of the gallbladder, if required, low fat diet and other medication.
Cholelithiasis: Gallstones in the gallbladder. Causes: Bile salts and cholesterol. Treatment: Removing the gallbladder, dissolving gallstones, medication.
Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease. Causes: Alcoholism, viral hepatitis. Treatment: Diet changes and medications.

Renal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Sudden kidney damage. Causes: Pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal. Signs/Symptoms: Oliguria (decreased urine output), elevated BUN/Creatinine. Treatment: Dialysis, fluid balance management.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. Stages: Based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Treatment: Dialysis, kidney transplant, medication.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections in any part of the urinary system. Types: Cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis. Signs/Symptoms: Pain, fever, urinary urgency/frequency. Treatment: Antibiotics.
Renal Calculi: Kidney stones. Types: Calcium, struvite, cystine, uric acid. Causes: Minerals and salts depositing in the urinary tract. Treatment: Pain management, increased fluid intake, straining urine, dietary restrictions.

Neurological Disorders

Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP): Rise in pressure inside the skull. Causes: Trauma, tumors, hemorrhage. Signs/Symptoms: Headache, vomiting, changes in level of consciousness, altered breathing patterns. Treatment: Managing underlying cause, drugs, surgery.
Stroke: Loss of neurological functions. Types: Ischemic (clot), hemorrhagic (bleeding). Treatment: Anticoagulation, anticoagulants, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), control of bleeding.
Seizures: Uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. Types: Generalized, focal. Treatment: Antiepileptic drugs, managing underlying cause.

Pharmacology (General)

General Information: The use of medication to treat various conditions and the mechanisms that affect these medications, like their effects, side effects and considerations.

Pharmacology (Specific drug classes, e.g. Opioids, Antibiotics)

General information about the specific drugs.

Nursing Considerations (General)

Additional considerations when administering medications.

Nursing Considerations (Specific drug classes, e.g. Opioids, Antibiotics)

Additional considerations when administering specific drugs.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various medical conditions and their characteristics with this Pathophysiology Quiz. Explore questions about hypokalemia, emphysema, pulmonary embolism, and more. Perfect for medical students and professionals wanting to reinforce their understanding of critical concepts.