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Questions and Answers
Which agent is used to prevent hyperkalemia?
Which agent is used to prevent hyperkalemia?
- Normal Saline
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- 4% KCl
- CaCl2 (correct)
What is the mechanism of action of atropine in organophosphate poisoning?
What is the mechanism of action of atropine in organophosphate poisoning?
- Block M receptors (correct)
- Increase acetylcholine levels
- Activate AchE
- Inhibit AchE
What ECG changes are typical in cases of hyperkalemia?
What ECG changes are typical in cases of hyperkalemia?
- Inverted T waves and narrowed QRS
- Sharp T waves and QRS wave widening (correct)
- Regular P waves and prolonged ST segments
- Flat T waves and absent P waves
What is the primary toxic effect of procaine?
What is the primary toxic effect of procaine?
What method is used to kill a rabbit in an experimental setting?
What method is used to kill a rabbit in an experimental setting?
What is the effect of furosemide on urine production in rabbits?
What is the effect of furosemide on urine production in rabbits?
Which agent is the antidote for procain toxicity?
Which agent is the antidote for procain toxicity?
What causes the characteristic 'cherry red' appearance in carbon monoxide poisoning?
What causes the characteristic 'cherry red' appearance in carbon monoxide poisoning?
Flashcards
Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Edema
A condition where fluid builds up in the lungs, often caused by heart failure.
Hyperkalemia (HK)
Hyperkalemia (HK)
A potentially life-threatening condition where there is too much potassium in the blood.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac Sodium
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain and inflammation.
Organophosphates
Organophosphates
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Procaine
Procaine
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Furosemide
Furosemide
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Volume of Distribution
Volume of Distribution
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Therapeutic Index (TI)
Therapeutic Index (TI)
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Study Notes
Experiment Pulmonary Edema
- Agents used for pulmonary edema: Normal saline and adrenaline
- Lung coefficients = weight of lung/weight of body
Hyperkalemia Experiment (HK)
- Agent used for HK: 4% KCl
- Agent that prevented HK: CaClâ‚‚
- Typical ECG changes: sharp T wave, flat P wave, widened QRS, widened ST segment, short M3 phase wave
- 10% KCl can be lethal to rabbits
Analgesic Effects of Diclofenac Sodium
- Intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid can cause abdominal pain (writhing)
- Diclofenac sodium can prevent abdominal pain (writhing)
- Acetic acid is volatile
Experiment Organophosphate Poisoning
- Agents that cause organophosphate poisoning: Organophosphates
- Antidote for organophosphate poisoning: Atropine, pralidoxime
- Mechanism of organophosphate poisoning: Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
- Mechanism of atropine: Blocks muscarinic receptors
- Mechanism of pralidoxime: Activates AchE
- Muscarinic symptoms (DUMBBELSS): Diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, salivation, sweating
Experiment Basic Action or Effect of Drug
- Procaine mechanism: Blocks nerve conduction of sensory impulses (pain)
- Procaine toxicity: Convulsions
- Antidote for procaine toxicity: Diazepam
- Procaine injection site for muscle relaxation in rabbits: Notch between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter
- Procaine injection site for systemic effects in rabbits: Not specified
Experiment General Principles
- Method to capture rabbits: Neck and skin (right hand), buttock (left hand)
- Method to kill rabbits: Pulmonary embolism
- Method to kill mice: Cervical dislocation
Effects of Furosemide on Rabbit Urine
- Effect of furosemide on urine amount: Increased
- Mechanism of furosemide: Inhibits sodium-potassium-2 chloride
Mixed (Further Information on Experiments)
- Volume of distribution = (given drug)/(plasma drug concentration)
- Righting reflex disappearance: Sleeping state (hypnosis)
- Renal blood flow increase: Dopamine
- LD50 indicates toxicity level of a drug
- TI (Therapeutic Index) = LD50/ED50
- Drug of choice for absence seizures in children: Ethosuximide
- Carbon monoxide poisoning in rabbits: Causes cherry-red blood
- Hypoxia in rabbits due to carbon monoxide poisoning: Anemia hypoxia
- Hepatic encephalopathy antidote: Sodium glutamate
- Pink foam sputum absence: In acute right heart failure
- Heparin mechanism: Stimulation of antithrombin 3
- Fastest absorption: Intraperitoneal injection
- Anesthesia indicator: Corneal reflex disappearance and muscle relaxation
- Osmotic diuretic: Furosemide
- Causes of blood hypoxia: Carbon monoxide poisoning, anemia, nitrite poisoning
- Nitrite poisoning antidote: Methylene blue
- Half-life calculation formula: Half-life = 0.693 / (rate constant)
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