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Questions and Answers
What is the initial cause of sepsis?
What is the initial cause of sepsis?
What is primarily responsible for fighting infections during sepsis?
What is primarily responsible for fighting infections during sepsis?
How does the immune response in sepsis differ from that in a typical infection?
How does the immune response in sepsis differ from that in a typical infection?
What happens to capillaries during the sepsis process?
What happens to capillaries during the sepsis process?
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What effect does the decrease in intravascular volume have on the body?
What effect does the decrease in intravascular volume have on the body?
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What condition can result from the abnormal clotting cascade initiated by sepsis?
What condition can result from the abnormal clotting cascade initiated by sepsis?
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What compound is produced as a result of glucose metabolism without enough oxygen?
What compound is produced as a result of glucose metabolism without enough oxygen?
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What can excessive leukocyte production during sepsis lead to?
What can excessive leukocyte production during sepsis lead to?
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What metabolic condition is primarily caused by lactic acid build-up?
What metabolic condition is primarily caused by lactic acid build-up?
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What physiological response is primarily triggered by adrenaline release during inadequate vascular volume?
What physiological response is primarily triggered by adrenaline release during inadequate vascular volume?
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Which receptor type is responsible for constricting arteries in sympathetic stimulation?
Which receptor type is responsible for constricting arteries in sympathetic stimulation?
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What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate?
What is the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate?
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What does a low HCO3 level indicate in the context of blood gas analysis?
What does a low HCO3 level indicate in the context of blood gas analysis?
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How does sympathetic stimulation primarily affect veins?
How does sympathetic stimulation primarily affect veins?
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What condition arises from a significant loss of oxygen in the circulation?
What condition arises from a significant loss of oxygen in the circulation?
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What blood gas value indicates an acidic pH level?
What blood gas value indicates an acidic pH level?
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Which of the following describes the effect of the beta 2 receptor in the lungs?
Which of the following describes the effect of the beta 2 receptor in the lungs?
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What is the normal range for HCO3 in a healthy individual?
What is the normal range for HCO3 in a healthy individual?
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Study Notes
Sepsis
- Sepsis is a life-threatening condition triggered by an existing infection
- It causes a chain of physiological reactions throughout the body
Pathophysiology of Sepsis
- Infection triggers an immune response, including increased white blood cells
- This overactive immune response becomes systemic
- Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
- Fluid leaks from blood vessels, reducing intravascular volume
- Reduced intravascular volume impairs organ perfusion
- Abnormal clotting (DIC) can occur due to tissue damage and loss of blood volume
- Insufficient oxygen to tissues leads to anaerobic metabolism. This results in lactic acid buildup.
Shock
- Shock is caused by inadequate tissue and organ perfusion.
- Three components are crucial for effective blood flow: a functioning heart, effective circulatory system, and adequate blood volume.
- Sepsis affects stroke volume, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance, potentially resulting in reduced cardiac output and blood pressure.
- Different shock types exist: Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, obstructive, or dissociative.
Red Flag Criteria for Sepsis
- Systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg
- Respiratory rate over 25 breaths per minute
- Heart rate over 130 beats per minute
- Confusion or altered mental status (AVPU)
- Decreased urine output
- Oxygen saturation below 91%
Treatment Considerations
- Addressing the underlying infection with antibiotics is crucial.
- Fluid replacement is essential to counteract fluid loss
- Monitor lactate levels as they often increase with sepsis
- Maintain adequate urine output to evaluate kidney function
- Blood gas analysis is used to determine oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, as well as acidity.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of sepsis and shock in this quiz. Learn how sepsis triggers an overwhelming immune response that can lead to shock, impaired organ perfusion, and tissue malfunction. This quiz covers the physiological implications and the importance of timely medical intervention.
