Pathophysiology of Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of inflammation?

To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, dilute, destroy and neutralize the harmful agents, remove the damaged tissue and generate new tissue (correct)

To only dilute the harmful agents

To only neutralize the harmful agents

To only eliminate the initial cause of cell injury

What are the two major components of inflammation?

Endogenous and exogenous causes

Infectious and non-infectious causes

Acute and chronic inflammation

Cellular and vascular stages (correct)

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

To phagocytose foreign particles and bacteria (correct)

To only remove damaged tissue

To generate new tissue

To produce potent vasoactive mediators

What are the classic signs of inflammation?

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the inflammatory response?

Elimination of the harmful agent and generation of new tissue Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the acute inflammatory response?

The production and release of chemical agents by cells in the infected, injured or diseased tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of acute inflammation?

A few days Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of monocytes/macrophages in inflammation?

To produce potent vasoactive mediators and eliminate the injurious agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the immune system in type 1 diabetes?

Attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

The cells ignore the insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of diabetes cases that are type 2 diabetes?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy?

Poor glycemic control Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin?

Type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an interplay of relative insulin deficiency or a defect in insulin release together with insulin resistance?

Type 2 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of type 2 diabetes where the cells do not use insulin properly?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the main initiator of end-stage renal failure in the Western world?

Diabetic nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of nephropathy that requires urgent treatment?

Proteinuria with a concomitant reduction in glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of blindness in individuals between the ages of 20-74 years?

Diabetic retinopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of diabetic neuropathy that affects wound healing?

Destruction of nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes?

More than half Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

Regulate the amount of fluid in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of inadequate ADH production or release in central diabetes insipidus?

Excessive thirst and dilute urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated proportion of diabetic patients who suffer from neuropathy?

More than half Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for myocardial infarction among diabetic patients?

Equivalent to non-diabetic patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemostasis during wound healing?

To stop bleeding by forming a blood clot Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thyroid hormones in the body?

To regulate body temperature and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy debris during the inflammatory stage of wound healing?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism?

Graves' disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease?

An autoimmune response against the thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sudden onset of severe symptoms in hyperthyroidism, including fever, tachycardia, and coma?

Thyroid storm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of new tissue during the proliferation stage of wound healing?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cells that are no longer needed are removed during the maturation stage of wound healing?

Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of GH deficiency?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in hyperparathyroidism?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range most commonly affected by neuroblastoma?

5 years old or younger Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the parathyroid glands?

Controlling the amount of calcium in blood and bones Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible location for neuroblastoma to develop?

Neck, chest, abdomen, or spine Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a genetic mutation in cancer cells?

Normal cells continue growing without responding to signals to stop Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

Feeling thirsty and peeing a lot Signup and view all the answers

From which cells do nerve cells and cells of the medulla of the adrenal gland develop?

Neuroblasts in the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective response to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, diluting, destroying, and neutralizing harmful agents, removing damaged tissue, and generating new tissue.
The classic signs of inflammation include:
- Redness (rubor)
- Swelling (tumor)
- Heat (calor)
- Pain or discomfort (dolor)
- Loss of function (functio laesa)
Causes of inflammation can be either exogenous (mechanical, physical, chemical, biological) or endogenous (circulatory disorder, hypoxia, endogenous protease release, immunocomplex formation).
Acute inflammatory response involves immediate vascular changes and influx of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages.

Wound Healing

Wound healing is the replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.
Stages of wound healing include:
- Hemostasis (blood clotting): platelets stick to the injured site, and blood clotting occurs.
- Inflammation: damaged and dead cells are cleared out, along with bacteria and other pathogens, through phagocytosis.
- Proliferation (growth of new tissue): collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction occur.
- Maturation (remodeling): collagen is realigned along tension lines, and cells that are no longer needed are removed by programmed cell death.

Thyroid Gland Physiology

The thyroid gland controls body temperature, how the body burns calories, and how fast food moves through the digestive tract.
Thyroid hormones (T4-thyroxine) play a crucial role in these processes.
Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, and a deficiency can lead to disorders.

Hyperthyroidism

Emotional symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
- Nervousness
- Restlessness
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Sleeplessness or insomnia
Causes of hyperthyroidism include:
- Benign nodule on the thyroid
- Thyroiditis
- Taking too much synthetic thyroid hormone
Thyroid storm (crisis) is a sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, tachycardia, and coma.

Graves' Disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, causing it to become overactive.
Characterized by hyperthyroidism and one or more of the following:
- Goiter
- Exophthalmos

Type 1 Diabetes

Pathophysiology: the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.

Type 2 Diabetes

Causes are multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental elements that affect beta-cell function and tissue insulin sensitivity.
Characterized by insulin resistance, which can lead to insulin deficiency.
Can begin as insulin resistance, a disorder in which cells do not use insulin properly.

Diabetic Complications

Complications can include nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
Nephropathy: a major initiator of end-stage renal failure, characterized by proteinuria and reduction in glomerular filtration rate.
Retinopathy: a major cause of blindness, characterized by vascular permeability changes, capillary degeneration, and abnormal production of blood vessels.
Neuropathy: destruction of nerves, leading to wound healing impairment.
Cardiovascular disease: a major cause of death in diabetic patients, equivalent to a previous history of myocardial infarction.

Diabetes Insipidus

Caused by abnormality in the functioning or levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.
Can be classified into two forms: central (cranial) diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and pale, diluted urine.

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Symptoms include:
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness
- Changes in body fat composition
- Lack of ambition
- Social isolation
In men, symptoms may also include:
- Erectile dysfunction
- Decreased facial or body hair
- Mood changes

Parathyroid Glands

Responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood and bones.
Hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more parathyroid glands develop a tumor, leading to high calcium levels and symptoms.
Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include:
- Depression
- Tiredness
- Feeling thirsty and urinating frequently
- Feeling sick and losing appetite
- Muscle weakness
- Constipation

Neuroblastoma

A type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue, often in children under 5 years old.
Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest.

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Description

This quiz covers the concept of inflammation as a protective response to cell injury, its classic signs, and causes. Learn about the process of eliminating harmful agents, removing damaged tissue, and generating new tissue.