Podcast
Questions and Answers
What occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists?
What occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists?
- Hypoxia
- Hypermetabolic state
- Infarction (correct)
- Ischemia
What is the result of mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
What is the result of mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
- Power failure in the cell
- Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis
- Impaired oxygen delivery and removal of metabolic end products
- Injury or trauma to tissue, bones, and blood vessels (correct)
What is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of metabolic end products such as lactic acid?
What is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of metabolic end products such as lactic acid?
- Hypoxia
- Ischemia (correct)
- Hypermetabolic state
- Infarction
What is the result of extremes of temperature?
What is the result of extremes of temperature?
What occurs when cells require more oxygen than can be supplied by normal respiratory function and oxygen transport?
What occurs when cells require more oxygen than can be supplied by normal respiratory function and oxygen transport?
What is the result of hypoxia?
What is the result of hypoxia?
What is a type of injury that occurs due to mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
What is a type of injury that occurs due to mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
What is the shape of the infarction that occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded?
What is the shape of the infarction that occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded?
What is the effect of cold exposure on blood vessels?
What is the effect of cold exposure on blood vessels?
What is the primary mechanism of injury from freezing?
What is the primary mechanism of injury from freezing?
What is the effect of electrical injuries on the body?
What is the effect of electrical injuries on the body?
Why is alternating current more dangerous than direct current?
Why is alternating current more dangerous than direct current?
What is the role of the body in electrical injuries?
What is the role of the body in electrical injuries?
What is the critical factor in electrical injuries?
What is the critical factor in electrical injuries?
What is the effect of current flow through the brain?
What is the effect of current flow through the brain?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cells?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation causes cell injury?
What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation causes cell injury?
What is the most common cause of radiation injury?
What is the most common cause of radiation injury?
What is a common source of chemicals capable of causing tissue injury?
What is a common source of chemicals capable of causing tissue injury?
What is the mechanism by which carbon tetrachloride causes liver cell injury?
What is the mechanism by which carbon tetrachloride causes liver cell injury?
What is the effect of whole-body irradiation on the body?
What is the effect of whole-body irradiation on the body?
What is the factor that affects the injurious effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the factor that affects the injurious effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the effect of corrosive substances on cells?
What is the effect of corrosive substances on cells?
What is the common characteristic of chemicals that can cause cellular injury?
What is the common characteristic of chemicals that can cause cellular injury?
What is the potential outcome of obesity and diets high in saturated fats?
What is the potential outcome of obesity and diets high in saturated fats?
What is the term for the deficiency of all nutrients and vitamins?
What is the term for the deficiency of all nutrients and vitamins?
What is the function of calcium in the body?
What is the function of calcium in the body?
What is the characteristic of reversible cell injury?
What is the characteristic of reversible cell injury?
What is the purpose of apoptosis in the body?
What is the purpose of apoptosis in the body?
What is the characteristic of liquefaction necrosis?
What is the characteristic of liquefaction necrosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the shape of the mitochondrial DNA chromosome?
What is the shape of the mitochondrial DNA chromosome?
What is the function of the 13 structural genes in the mitochondrial DNA?
What is the function of the 13 structural genes in the mitochondrial DNA?
What is the period of organogenesis in embryonic development?
What is the period of organogenesis in embryonic development?
What is the acronym TORCH an abbreviation for?
What is the acronym TORCH an abbreviation for?
What is a teratogenic agent?
What is a teratogenic agent?
Which of the following is NOT a type of teratogenic agent?
Which of the following is NOT a type of teratogenic agent?
During which period is the embryo most susceptible to environmental influences?
During which period is the embryo most susceptible to environmental influences?
What is the result of environmental influences during the first 2 weeks after fertilization?
What is the result of environmental influences during the first 2 weeks after fertilization?
What is the primary effect of hypoxia on cellular function?
What is the primary effect of hypoxia on cellular function?
What type of injury is commonly associated with limited blood flow to a specific area?
What type of injury is commonly associated with limited blood flow to a specific area?
What is the result of a artery occlusion with no alternative blood supply?
What is the result of a artery occlusion with no alternative blood supply?
What is the effect of extreme temperatures on cellular function?
What is the effect of extreme temperatures on cellular function?
What type of cell injury is characterized by a power failure in the cell?
What type of cell injury is characterized by a power failure in the cell?
What is the result of mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
What is the result of mechanical forces such as body impact with another object?
What is the result of a hypermetabolic state?
What is the result of a hypermetabolic state?
What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation causes cell injury?
What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation causes cell injury?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cells?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cells?
What is the most common source of chemicals capable of causing tissue injury?
What is the most common source of chemicals capable of causing tissue injury?
How does carbon tetrachloride cause liver cell injury?
How does carbon tetrachloride cause liver cell injury?
What is the effect of corrosive substances on cells?
What is the effect of corrosive substances on cells?
What determines the injurious effects of ionizing radiation?
What determines the injurious effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the common characteristic of chemicals that can cause cellular injury?
What is the common characteristic of chemicals that can cause cellular injury?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cell replication?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cell replication?
What is responsible for the actual assembly of biochemical products in a cell?
What is responsible for the actual assembly of biochemical products in a cell?
What replaces thymine in RNA and pairs with adenine?
What replaces thymine in RNA and pairs with adenine?
What is the purpose of genetic assessment and counseling?
What is the purpose of genetic assessment and counseling?
What is the goal of prenatal diagnosis?
What is the goal of prenatal diagnosis?
What is the significance of the formation of a blue lead line along the margins of the gum?
What is the significance of the formation of a blue lead line along the margins of the gum?
What is the process by which RNA is formed from DNA?
What is the process by which RNA is formed from DNA?
What do complementary RNA bases pair with?
What do complementary RNA bases pair with?
What is the term for the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals?
What is the term for the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals?
What type of calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues?
What type of calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues?
What is the result of increased serum calcium levels?
What is the result of increased serum calcium levels?
What is a major cause of hypercalcemia?
What is a major cause of hypercalcemia?
What is a malignant cause of hypercalcemia?
What is a malignant cause of hypercalcemia?
What is a condition that causes jaundice?
What is a condition that causes jaundice?
What type of disorders produce Glycogen accumulations that result in organ dysfunction and other alterations in physiologic function?
What type of disorders produce Glycogen accumulations that result in organ dysfunction and other alterations in physiologic function?
What is the term for the reversible tissue deposition of calcium salts?
What is the term for the reversible tissue deposition of calcium salts?
What is the approximate frequency of chromosomal anomalies in live births?
What is the approximate frequency of chromosomal anomalies in live births?
What is the purpose of creating a family pedigree?
What is the purpose of creating a family pedigree?
What is the effect of single-gene mutations on lifespan?
What is the effect of single-gene mutations on lifespan?
What is the probability of inheriting a dominant genetic disorder from an affected parent?
What is the probability of inheriting a dominant genetic disorder from an affected parent?
What is the term for a dominant mutant allele that fails to exhibit the associated phenotype?
What is the term for a dominant mutant allele that fails to exhibit the associated phenotype?
What is the name of the disorder that causes tumors to develop from the Schwann cells of the neurologic system?
What is the name of the disorder that causes tumors to develop from the Schwann cells of the neurologic system?
What is the consequence of telomere shortening or erosion?
What is the consequence of telomere shortening or erosion?
What is the term for genetic disorders caused by gene mutations that can be lethal if not treated?
What is the term for genetic disorders caused by gene mutations that can be lethal if not treated?
Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Hypoxia deprives cells of oxygen, interrupting oxidative metabolism and ATP generation, affecting all cells in the body.
- Ischemia is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and removal of metabolic end products, such as lactic acid, commonly affecting blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and producing local tissue injury.
- Hypermetabolic states may require more oxygen than can be supplied by normal respiratory function and oxygen transport, leading to hypoxia.
Causes of Cell Injury
Injury from Physical Agents
- Mechanical forces can cause injury or trauma, splitting and tearing tissue, fracturing bones, injuring blood vessels, and disrupting blood flow.
- Extremes of temperature can cause damage to cells, organelles, and enzyme systems.
- Cold exposure increases blood viscosity, induces vasoconstriction, and may lead to hypoxic tissue injury.
- Electrical injuries can affect the body through extensive tissue injury and disruption of neural and cardiac impulses.
- The body acts as a conductor of electrical current, which can cause violent muscle contractions, fractures, and dislocations.
Radiation Injury
- Ionizing radiation impacts cells by causing ionization of molecules and atoms, releasing free radicals that destroy cells and directly hitting target molecules.
- Radiation can immediately kill cells, interrupt cell replication, or cause genetic mutations.
- Most radiation injury is caused by localized irradiation used in cancer treatment.
Chemical Injury
- Chemicals capable of damaging cells are present in air and water pollution, tobacco smoke, and certain foods.
- Chemical agents can injure cell membranes, block enzymatic pathways, coagulate cell proteins, and disrupt osmotic and ionic balance.
- Corrosive substances can destroy cells, while other chemicals may injure cells during metabolism or elimination.
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
- Apoptosis is a highly selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells, controlling tissue regeneration.
- Two basic pathways for apoptosis exist: the extrinsic pathway, which is death receptor dependent, and the intrinsic pathway, which is death receptor-independent.
Types of Necrosis
- Liquefaction necrosis:
Period of Vulnerability
- The embryo's development is most easily disturbed during organogenesis, which extends from day 15 to day 60 after conception.
- Environmental influences during the first 2 weeks after fertilization may interfere with implantation, resulting in abortion or early resorption of the products of conception.
Genetic and Congenital Disorders
- Infectious agents, such as those in the TORCH group, can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, producing multiple malformations.
- Teratogenic agents, including radiation, chemicals, drugs, and infectious organisms, can produce abnormalities in the developing embryo.
Causes of Cell Injury
- Hypoxia deprives cells of oxygen, interrupting oxidative metabolism and ATP generation
- Ischemia impairs oxygen delivery and removes metabolic end products, leading to local tissue injury
- Hypermetabolic states can cause cells to require more oxygen than normal respiratory function can supply
- Hypoxia causes a power failure in cells, affecting structural and functional components
- Infarction occurs when an artery becomes occluded, causing tissue death, typically with a conical shape corresponding to the affected artery's distribution
Physical Agents of Cell Injury
- Mechanical forces can cause injury or trauma, split or tear tissue, fracture bones, and disrupt blood flow
- Extremes of temperature can release free radicals that destroy cells and directly hit target molecules, causing cell death, interrupted replication, or genetic mutations
- Radiation injury varies with dose, dose rate, and tissue sensitivity
- Ionizing radiation can immediately kill cells, interrupt cell replication, or cause genetic mutations
Chemical Agents of Cell Injury
- Chemicals capable of damaging cells are present in air and water pollution, tobacco smoke, and processed or preserved foods
- Chemicals can injure cell membranes, block enzymatic pathways, coagulate proteins, and disrupt osmotic and ionic balance
- Corrosive substances like strong acids and bases can destroy cells on contact
- Carbon tetrachloride is extremely toxic to liver cells
Pathologic Calcifications
- Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues, involving the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts
- Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues due to increased serum calcium levels, often in the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels
Lead Poisoning
- A blue lead line along the gum margins is a diagnostic feature of lead poisoning
Genetic Control of Cell Function
- RNA assembles amino acids into functional proteins in the ribosome through translation
- Messenger RNA is formed from DNA through transcription
- Complementary RNA bases pair with DNA bases, with uracil replacing thymine to pair with adenine
Pediatric Considerations
- 1 in 150 live births have chromosomal anomalies causing cognitive impairment and birth defects
- Inborn errors of metabolism can be lethal if not treated, prompting mandatory newborn screening in many states
- Creating a family pedigree can help identify genetic disorders and is useful for genetic counseling
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of hypoxia and ischemia, including their effects on cellular metabolism and ATP generation, as well as the differences between pure hypoxia and ischemia.
