Cell Death and Hypoxia in Ischemia
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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of the activation of the complement system in ischemia-reperfusion injury?

  • Increased autophagy in injured cells
  • Generation of byproducts that exacerbate cell injury and inflammation (correct)
  • Enhanced antioxidant defenses
  • Reduced tissue injury and inflammation
  • What type of cell death can occur as a result of free radical-mediated cell injury?

  • Only necrosis
  • Necrosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis (correct)
  • Only autophagic cell death
  • Only apoptosis
  • How do infiltrating leukocytes contribute to tissue damage in ischemic injury?

  • By reducing oxidative stress
  • By increasing antioxidant defenses
  • By generating ROS that damage vulnerable cells (correct)
  • By promoting autophagy in injured cells
  • What is a characteristic of free radicals?

    <p>They have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reperfusion in ischemic injury?

    <p>Increased influx of leukocytes and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are free radicals?

    <p>Chemical species with a single unpaired electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of cell death caused by hypoxia?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart muscle within 60 seconds of coronary occlusion?

    <p>It ceases to contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the restoration of blood flow to ischemic but viable tissues results in increased cell injury?

    <p>Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be generated by injured cells with damaged mitochondria during reoxygenation, exacerbating cell injury?

    <p>Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be compromised by ischemia, exacerbating the generation of ROS during reoxygenation?

    <p>Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury may contribute significantly to tissue damage, especially after myocardial and cerebral ischemia?

    <p>Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the outcome of an injurious stimulus on a cell?

    <p>Type of cell injured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A glycogen-depleted hepatocyte exposed to ischemia would be expected to

    <p>Die faster than a glycogen-replete hepatocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cardiac muscle is more susceptible to ischemic injury than skeletal muscle?

    <p>Cardiac muscle has a higher energy demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with genetic variations in cytochrome P-450 would be expected to

    <p>Catabolize toxins at different rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a brief period of ischemia on a cell?

    <p>Reversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the response to an injurious stimulus in a cell?

    <p>Type of cell injured</p> Signup and view all the answers

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