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Questions and Answers
What is one way that heat can cause cell injury?
What is one way that heat can cause cell injury?
Ischaemia is primarily caused by excessive blood flow to an area.
Ischaemia is primarily caused by excessive blood flow to an area.
False (B)
What is the impact of frostbite on cells?
What is the impact of frostbite on cells?
It causes ischaemia due to vasoconstriction and the formation of ice crystals.
Paracetamol overdose results in a buildup of toxic __________ that damages cell membranes.
Paracetamol overdose results in a buildup of toxic __________ that damages cell membranes.
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Match the type of injury to its cause:
Match the type of injury to its cause:
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Which term describes the condition of insufficient oxygen supply to tissues?
Which term describes the condition of insufficient oxygen supply to tissues?
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Ischaemia is considered less severe than hypoxia.
Ischaemia is considered less severe than hypoxia.
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What is the main event in the development of many diseases related to cellular damage?
What is the main event in the development of many diseases related to cellular damage?
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Loss of functional delivery of elements in addition to oxygen is referred to as __________.
Loss of functional delivery of elements in addition to oxygen is referred to as __________.
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Match the following causes of cell injury with their descriptions:
Match the following causes of cell injury with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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Cellular adaptations can only occur if the stress is severe and progressive.
Cellular adaptations can only occur if the stress is severe and progressive.
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What are the two types of cell death mentioned?
What are the two types of cell death mentioned?
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Which of the following enzymes are directly involved in lysing urinary tract cells?
Which of the following enzymes are directly involved in lysing urinary tract cells?
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Necrosis is an internally controlled process of cell death.
Necrosis is an internally controlled process of cell death.
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What condition is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C?
What condition is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C?
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Type 1 hypersensitivity can lead to severe allergic reactions such as ______.
Type 1 hypersensitivity can lead to severe allergic reactions such as ______.
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Match the following types of cell death with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cell death with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury due to nutrition?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury due to nutrition?
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Neutrophils can cause damage to normal tissue during an innate immune response.
Neutrophils can cause damage to normal tissue during an innate immune response.
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What is a common symptom of Vitamin A toxicity?
What is a common symptom of Vitamin A toxicity?
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Which type of necrosis appears as cottage cheese and is associated with tuberculosis?
Which type of necrosis appears as cottage cheese and is associated with tuberculosis?
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Apoptosis is a form of necrosis characterized by inflammatory response.
Apoptosis is a form of necrosis characterized by inflammatory response.
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What is the primary characteristic of liquefactive necrosis?
What is the primary characteristic of liquefactive necrosis?
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In fat necrosis, the breakdown of fat cells leads to the leakage of _______ which binds to calcium.
In fat necrosis, the breakdown of fat cells leads to the leakage of _______ which binds to calcium.
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Match the following necrosis types with their descriptions:
Match the following necrosis types with their descriptions:
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Which of the following necrosis types is commonly seen in ischemic injuries except in the brain?
Which of the following necrosis types is commonly seen in ischemic injuries except in the brain?
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Gangrenous necrosis primarily affects the upper limbs.
Gangrenous necrosis primarily affects the upper limbs.
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Name one physiological example of hypertrophy.
Name one physiological example of hypertrophy.
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Which of the following best describes hyperplasia?
Which of the following best describes hyperplasia?
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Metaplasia involves a change in cell type to a more differentiated form.
Metaplasia involves a change in cell type to a more differentiated form.
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What term describes abnormal growth or development of cells?
What term describes abnormal growth or development of cells?
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Cellular adaptations are often responses to __________ in the environment.
Cellular adaptations are often responses to __________ in the environment.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?
What type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?
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Cellular injury can be reversed if the stressor is minor and transient.
Cellular injury can be reversed if the stressor is minor and transient.
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Name one physiological cause of hypertrophy.
Name one physiological cause of hypertrophy.
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Which type of cells continuously divide in adult life?
Which type of cells continuously divide in adult life?
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Stable cells only divide infrequently and cannot rapidly divide when needed.
Stable cells only divide infrequently and cannot rapidly divide when needed.
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What physiological condition causes an increase in the number of cells within a tissue?
What physiological condition causes an increase in the number of cells within a tissue?
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Cell shrinkage by loss of cell substance is called __________.
Cell shrinkage by loss of cell substance is called __________.
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Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
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Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
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Pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to normal physiological demands.
Pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to normal physiological demands.
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What is the term for cells that undergo a transformation due to an abnormal environment?
What is the term for cells that undergo a transformation due to an abnormal environment?
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In pathological hyperplasia, excessive __________ stimulation can lead to increased cell proliferation.
In pathological hyperplasia, excessive __________ stimulation can lead to increased cell proliferation.
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Match the following types of adaptation with their descriptions:
Match the following types of adaptation with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Hypoxia is oxygen deprivation which impairs aerobic metabolism
- Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to a tissue, which is worse than hypoxia because it also cuts off nutrients and causes a buildup of toxins
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Physical agents can cause cell injury through heat, cold, and electricity
- Heat can denature proteins, cause cell necrosis, and disrupt the skin.
- Cold can cause vasoconstriction and ischemia, leading to frostbite.
- Electricity causes direct damage to cells through the path of least resistance, and can interrupt heart rhythms, causing cardiac arrest.
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Chemicals can damage cells directly or through their breakdown products, by perturbing the osmotic environment of cells, disrupting biochemical reactions, or compromising cell membrane integrity.
- Corrosive substances cause direct cell injury through coagulation or liquefaction.
- Paracetamol can cause indirect injury through a toxic breakdown product.
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Infections can damage cells through direct injury, immune response, or the release of toxins.
- Viruses can subvert the cell’s protein production machinery to make more virus particles
- Bacteria can directly injure cells, release toxins, or stimulate inflammatory responses
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Immune reactions such as allergies can damage cells.
- Hypersensitivity type 1, such as allergies to drugs, can cause urticaria and anaphylaxis.
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Nutritional imbalances like deficiencies and excesses can lead to cellular damage
- Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy.
- Vitamin A toxicity can cause liver toxicity, headache, nausea, and yellowing of skin.
- Obesity leads to insulin resistance and arterial disease.
Cell Death
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Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process of programmed cell death that is triggered by a variety of stimuli, such as, DNA damage, stress of the ER, and infection.
- It results in the orderly dismantling of the cell and does not trigger an inflammatory response.
- Physiological roles of apoptosis include embryologic development, involution of hormone-dependent tissues, elimination potentially harmful lymphocytes, and elimination of cells no longer required.
- Pathological roles of apoptosis include cells with DNA damage, cells with ER stress, and some infections.
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Necrosis is a form of cell death that is characterized by the untimely and uncontrolled death of cells due to injury. It results in the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissues, which triggers an inflammatory response.
- Necrosis is always pathological.
- Coagulative necrosis is seen in ischemic injuries, except in the brain, where there is no tissue architecture, resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
- Liquefactive necrosis is seen in infections and brain ischemia.
- Caseous necrosis is seen in tuberculosis infections.
- Gangrenous necrosis is seen in limbs, often lower legs, where it can involve coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
- Fat necrosis is seen in pancreatitis or breast tissue, and is associated with breakdown of fat and calcium binding.
- Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in blood vessel walls in immune-mediated conditions.
Cellular Adaptations Overview
- Cell adaptation is a reversible change that helps a cell survive in a new or stressful environment.
- These adaptations involve alterations in cell number (hyperplasia), cell size (hypertrophy), cell type (metaplasia), and cellular organization (dysplasia).
Hyperplasia
- An increase in cell number
- Occurs in tissues with labile or stable cells (not permanent cells).
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Physiological hyperplasia:
- Hormonal: Example: Endometrium during menstrual cycle
- Compensatory: Example: Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
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Pathological hyperplasia:
- Caused by excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation.
- May be caused by chronic irritation like in the case of callus formation.
- May increase the risk of tumor development as increased proliferation can lead to dysregulation
Hypertrophy
- An increase in cell size.
- Occurs in any cell type, but common in permanent cells under increased demands.
- Involves increased production of cellular structural proteins, not just cell swelling.
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Physiological hypertrophy:
- Increased functional demand: Example: Skeletal muscle with exercise
- Hormonal: Example: Uterine muscle growth in pregnancy
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Pathological hypertrophy:
- Increased functional demand: Example: Left ventricle hypertrophy in hypertension or aortic stenosis.
Atrophy
- Reduction in cell or organ size due to loss of cell substance
- Involves cellular self-digestion (autophagy)
- Can be caused by:
- Reduced workload
- Loss of nerve supply
- Reduced blood supply
- Inadequate nutrition
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
- Aging
Metaplasia
- A reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
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Physiological metaplasia:
- Normal growth and development: Example: Glandular to squamous epithelium in the cervix due to the acidity of the vagina.
- ** pathological metaplasia:**
- Caused by an abnormal environment where a more resistant cell type is favored: Example: Squamous to glandular epithelium in reflux oesophagitis due to exposure to gastric acid.
Dysplasia and Neoplasia
- Dysplasia: Abnormal cellular growth and organization within a tissue
- Neoplasia: Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, which can lead to tumor formation.
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Description
Explore the various aspects of cell injury due to hypoxia, ischemia, and physical agents. Understand how chemicals and physical trauma can lead to cell damage, impacting overall health. This quiz dives into the mechanisms behind cellular responses to different harmful stimuli.
