Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease

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What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to the text?

Narrowing of the coronary arteries by fatty material accumulation (correct)

Genetic predisposition to heart diseases

Accumulation of cholesterol in the blood vessels

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Which blood vessels are commonly used as grafts in bypass procedures for blocked coronary arteries?

Coronary arteries

Veins from the legs (correct)

Pulmonary arteries

Arteries from the brain

In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, how is blood rerouted around the blocked portion of the artery?

By attaching one end of a graft above the blockage and the other end below it (correct)

By using medications to dissolve the blockage

By inserting stents in the narrowed artery

By widening the narrowed artery using a balloon angioplasty

What does a cardiopulmonary bypass machine do during CABG surgery?

Pumps blood through the body while the heart is stopped Signup and view all the answers

Why is the sternum cut in half and spread apart during CABG surgery?

To expose the heart for bypass surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with CAD that may necessitate CABG surgery?

Heart attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of insulin in the body?

To transport glucose into body cells for energy storage Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients with type 1 diabetes require external insulin for survival?

Because their pancreas does not produce insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering low-dose aspirin to patients?

To prevent blood clot formation Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure?

Lisinopril Signup and view all the answers

What cardiac issue is associated with morbid obesity?

Cardiomegaly Signup and view all the answers

Why is an adenosine perfusion study preferred over a stress treadmill for assessing cardiac function?

It provides superior quantification of longitudinal LV wall motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main side effect associated with high dosages of aspirin?

Tinnitus Signup and view all the answers

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, why may some eventually require insulin therapy?

Because they are insulin resistant Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern regarding gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it comes to transesophageal echocardiography?

GERD is a contraindication for transesophageal echocardiography due to the risk of esophageal perforation Signup and view all the answers

Why is aortic atherosclerotic disease considered a contraindication for a three-vessel bypass using a MIDCABG technique?

The presence of aortic atherosclerotic disease increases the risk of complications during MIDCABG Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of placing a thoracic epidural as an adjunct to general anesthesia?

It can enhance postoperative pain management and reduce the need for opioids Signup and view all the answers

Why is avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass seen as advantageous in certain cardiac procedures?

To avoid potential complications associated with using a cardiopulmonary bypass machine Signup and view all the answers

How does gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) relate to its consideration as a contraindication for transesophageal echocardiography?

GERD can cause inflammation of the esophagus, impacting the visibility during the echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?

Decreased morbidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?

Inability for vessel bypass on the posterior aspect of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most significant postoperative complications for a patient with diabetes and obesity after median sternotomy?

Wound infection Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if ischemia caused by stabilizing sutures or reperfusion arrhythmias caused by releasing sutures progresses to ventricular fibrillation during surgery with a small thoracotomy?

Motion, bleeding, arrhythmias, hemodynamic variability Signup and view all the answers

Why is cardiopulmonary bypass not used in minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?

To address complications associated with extracorporeal circulation Signup and view all the answers