24 Questions
What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) according to the text?
Narrowing of the coronary arteries by fatty material accumulation
Which blood vessels are commonly used as grafts in bypass procedures for blocked coronary arteries?
Veins from the legs
In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, how is blood rerouted around the blocked portion of the artery?
By attaching one end of a graft above the blockage and the other end below it
What does a cardiopulmonary bypass machine do during CABG surgery?
Pumps blood through the body while the heart is stopped
Why is the sternum cut in half and spread apart during CABG surgery?
To expose the heart for bypass surgery
What is a common complication associated with CAD that may necessitate CABG surgery?
Heart attack
What is the main role of insulin in the body?
To transport glucose into body cells for energy storage
Why do patients with type 1 diabetes require external insulin for survival?
Because their pancreas does not produce insulin
What is the primary purpose of administering low-dose aspirin to patients?
To prevent blood clot formation
Which drug is primarily used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure?
Lisinopril
What cardiac issue is associated with morbid obesity?
Cardiomegaly
Why is an adenosine perfusion study preferred over a stress treadmill for assessing cardiac function?
It provides superior quantification of longitudinal LV wall motion
What is the main side effect associated with high dosages of aspirin?
Tinnitus
In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, why may some eventually require insulin therapy?
Because they are insulin resistant
What is a concern regarding gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it comes to transesophageal echocardiography?
GERD is a contraindication for transesophageal echocardiography due to the risk of esophageal perforation
Why is aortic atherosclerotic disease considered a contraindication for a three-vessel bypass using a MIDCABG technique?
The presence of aortic atherosclerotic disease increases the risk of complications during MIDCABG
What are the advantages of placing a thoracic epidural as an adjunct to general anesthesia?
It can enhance postoperative pain management and reduce the need for opioids
Why is avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass seen as advantageous in certain cardiac procedures?
To avoid potential complications associated with using a cardiopulmonary bypass machine
How does gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) relate to its consideration as a contraindication for transesophageal echocardiography?
GERD can cause inflammation of the esophagus, impacting the visibility during the echocardiography
What is a major advantage associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?
Decreased morbidity
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?
Inability for vessel bypass on the posterior aspect of the heart
What is one of the most significant postoperative complications for a patient with diabetes and obesity after median sternotomy?
Wound infection
What can occur if ischemia caused by stabilizing sutures or reperfusion arrhythmias caused by releasing sutures progresses to ventricular fibrillation during surgery with a small thoracotomy?
Motion, bleeding, arrhythmias, hemodynamic variability
Why is cardiopulmonary bypass not used in minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MIDCABG)?
To address complications associated with extracorporeal circulation
Explore the pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which is characterized by the narrowing of the coronary arteries due to the accumulation of fatty material, leading to reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle. Learn about treatments like bypass surgery to address blocked or narrowed arteries.
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