Cardiovascular Pathophysiology I Quiz
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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology I Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel?

  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Thrombosis (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Atrial Fibrillation

    • What symptom is NOT associated with Mr. Hartman's presentation?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Elevation in heart rate (correct)
  • Fatigue after walking
  • Swelling of ankle

    • Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications that Mr. Hartman has NOT reported?

  • Obesity
  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Stroke

    • Mr. Hartman has a history of which condition that is associated with abnormal heart rhythm?

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by the hardening and thickening of artery walls?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ejection fraction in Mr. Hartman's echocardiogram?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mr. Hartman's respiratory rate and how does it compare to the normal range?

    <p>28/min; elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Blood is pumped into the ventricles from the atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is responsible for the contraction during systole?

    <p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is NOT used for Mr. Hartman's heart failure?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heart valves?

    <p>To allow blood to flow in one direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arrhythmia is indicated in Mr. Hartman's ECG?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during diastole of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Blood fills the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with the cardiovascular issues in Mr. Hartman?

    <p>Pitting edema of the extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?

    <p>Lung capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart is involved in the contraction of the myocardium?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are considered AV (atrioventricular) valves?

    <p>Mitral and Tricuspid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you categorize Mr. Hartman's blood pressure?

    <p>Hypertensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase occurs after atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily used to improve cardiac contractility in heart failure patients like Mr. Hartman?

    <p>Cardiac glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pericardium in the heart?

    <p>To provide a tough protective layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased vascular resistance have on afterload?

    <p>Increases afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does afterload influence stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>Decreases SV with increased afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inotropy a measure of in myocardial contractility?

    <p>Force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are necessary for myocardial contractility?

    <p>ATP, Ca, Na, and K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does increased afterload cause in terms of end systolic volume?

    <p>Increases end systolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between actin and myosin during myocardial contraction?

    <p>They shorten the muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism relates to the function of myocardial contractility?

    <p>Frank-Starling mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which circulatory system does the pulmonary artery deliver blood to?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition in Mr Hartman's medical history is primarily associated with the hardening of arteries?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is known to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Elevated cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What secondary effect does hypertension have on preload in the context of cardiovascular function?

    <p>Increases preload due to reduced vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does atherosclerosis directly lead to angina?

    <p>By limiting blood flow to the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mr JD experiencing chest pain with minimal exertion?

    <p>Suggests a state of stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hardening of the arteries' most closely refer to in a medical context?

    <p>Decreased arterial elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom for someone diagnosed with angina related to atherosclerosis?

    <p>Chest pain during physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor in Mr JD's case most likely exacerbates his cardiovascular conditions?

    <p>Obesity and smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mr. Hartman's Case

    • Mr. Hartman is a 55-year-old overweight executive who is an ex-smoker and social drinker.
    • He presents with shortness of breath, fatigue after walking for 10 minutes, chest congestion, and ankle swelling.
    • Mr. Hartman's medical history includes hypertension, elevated cholesterol, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack) twice, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.
    • His blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg, pulse is 100 bpm, and respiratory rate is 28/min.
    • He has pitting edema in his extremities.
    • His echocardiogram shows an ejection fraction of 20-25% (normal is 70%).
    • His ECG shows atrial fibrillation.
    • Mr. Hartman's heart failure is treated with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, cardiac glycosides, and diuretics.

    Cardiovascular Pathophysiology I

    • Part A:
      • Describes the normal electrophysiology of the heart.
      • Explains the factors affecting cardiac output.
    • Part B:
      • Explains blood pressure regulation.
      • Discusses the causes, risk factors, and pathophysiology of hypertension.
    • Part C:
      • Discusses the causes, risk factors, and pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

    Anatomy Review

    • The heart is made up of atria, ventricles, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, and heart valves (pulmonary, mitral, aortic, tricuspid).

    Cardiac Cycle

    • The cardiac cycle is the sequential contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.
    • During diastole, blood fills the ventricles.
    • During systole, blood is ejected from the ventricles.

    Afterload

    • Afterload is the force needed to eject blood from the heart.
    • It is affected by systemic vascular resistance and ventricular wall tension.
    • Vasoconstriction increases resistance, increasing afterload and decreasing stroke volume.
    • Increased vascular resistance increases afterload, decreases stroke volume, and increases end-systolic volume.

    Myocardial Contractility

    • Myocardial contractility (inotropy) is the force of contraction.
    • It involves the interaction of actin and myosin filaments during cardiac muscle contraction.
    • It requires energy from ATP, Ca, Na, and K.
    • Myocardial contractility is related to the Frank-Starling mechanism.

    Relationship Between Atherosclerosis and Angina

    • Atherosclerosis is a disease that occurs when plaque builds up inside the arteries.
    • Angina is chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.
    • Atherosclerosis can lead to angina by narrowing the arteries and reducing blood flow to the heart.

    Case Scenario - Mr. JD

    • Mr. JD is a 65-year-old overweight man with a history of hypertension, high LDL-cholesterol levels, and smoking.
    • He was admitted to the hospital with chest pain that developed with minimal exertion.
    • His blood tests and ECG analysis showed no myocardial infarction (heart attack).
    • The doctor diagnosed him with angina and "hardening of the arteries."
    • Mr. JD’s history of hypertension increases his risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including angina.

    Cardiovascular Function

    • Hypertension increases afterload, which increases the amount of force required to eject blood from the heart.
    • Increased afterload decreases stroke volume, which can affect preload (the amount of blood filling the ventricle).
    • A decrease in cardiac output (amount of blood pumped per minute) is a potential consequence for someone experiencing angina associated with exercise.
    • "Hardening of the arteries" refers to arteriosclerosis, a hardening and thickening of the artery walls.

    Development of Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque within the arteries. This plaque is composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin.
    • The development of atherosclerosis occurs in several stages:
      • Stage 1 (Fatty Streak): Fatty streaks are early lesions that begin to form when lipid deposits accumulate beneath the inner lining of the artery.
      • Stage 2 (Fibrous Plaque): The fatty streaks grow and develop a fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells and connective tissue.
      • Stage 3 (Complicated Plaque): The plaque can rupture, leading to blood clots and other complications.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Mr. Hartman's complex case, focusing on cardiovascular pathophysiology. This quiz covers key aspects such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac output. Review both normal and abnormal heart functions to enhance your understanding.

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