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Questions and Answers
What is the name for the resultant swelling caused by increased fluid due to increased vascular permeability?
What is the name for the resultant swelling caused by increased fluid due to increased vascular permeability?
- Embolism
- Ischemia
- Thrombosis
- Oedema (correct)
Which type of mediators are immediately released through degranulation when the cell membrane is broken?
Which type of mediators are immediately released through degranulation when the cell membrane is broken?
- Histamine
- Newly synthesized mediators
- Leukotrienes
- Pre-formed mediators (correct)
What is the phase that lasts for about 24 hours and involves cellular infiltration attracted by chemotaxis?
What is the phase that lasts for about 24 hours and involves cellular infiltration attracted by chemotaxis?
- Early phase
- Acute phase
- Late phase (correct)
- Chronic phase
Which cells are specifically associated with the inflammatory process and have the ability to attract even more white blood cells to the affected area?
Which cells are specifically associated with the inflammatory process and have the ability to attract even more white blood cells to the affected area?
What is the name for the chronic inflammatory phase caused by repeated exposure to trigger factors, characterized by recruitment of eosinophils and excess mucus production?
What is the name for the chronic inflammatory phase caused by repeated exposure to trigger factors, characterized by recruitment of eosinophils and excess mucus production?
What is inflammation?
What is inflammation?
What can chronic inflammation lead to if not treated appropriately?
What can chronic inflammation lead to if not treated appropriately?
What are the characteristic signs of inflammation?
What are the characteristic signs of inflammation?
What happens to small blood vessels during inflammation?
What happens to small blood vessels during inflammation?
What term describes the abnormal response to harmless stimuli in some individuals?
What term describes the abnormal response to harmless stimuli in some individuals?
What are the classic symptoms of asthma?
What are the classic symptoms of asthma?
What contributes to the symptoms of asthma?
What contributes to the symptoms of asthma?
What does smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma lead to?
What does smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma lead to?
How should the diagnosis of asthma be based?
How should the diagnosis of asthma be based?
What can untreated smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma lead to?
What can untreated smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma lead to?
What are key symptoms of asthma?
What are key symptoms of asthma?
What are common triggers of asthma?
What are common triggers of asthma?
What role does family history play in asthma?
What role does family history play in asthma?
What lung function test measures the maximum rate of air forcibly exhaled?
What lung function test measures the maximum rate of air forcibly exhaled?
What indicates airway obstruction potentially due to asthma?
What indicates airway obstruction potentially due to asthma?
Which factor can affect the metabolism of theophylline?
Which factor can affect the metabolism of theophylline?
What are the two anticholinergic drugs in current use as bronchodilators?
What are the two anticholinergic drugs in current use as bronchodilators?
What is the aim of asthma management?
What is the aim of asthma management?
What is the recommended frequency for reviewing patients with chronic asthma?
What is the recommended frequency for reviewing patients with chronic asthma?
What is the classification of asthma control according to the text?
What is the classification of asthma control according to the text?
What is an important part of asthma management that is sometimes overlooked?
What is an important part of asthma management that is sometimes overlooked?
What should be in place for a patient who has had an asthma attack and is being discharged from the hospital?
What should be in place for a patient who has had an asthma attack and is being discharged from the hospital?
What is the abbreviation for the Anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR) mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR) mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Test mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Test mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Questionnaire mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Questionnaire mentioned in the text?
Which factor can affect the metabolism of theophylline?
Which factor can affect the metabolism of theophylline?
What are the two anticholinergic drugs in current use as bronchodilators?
What are the two anticholinergic drugs in current use as bronchodilators?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Test mentioned in the text?
What is the abbreviation for the Asthma Control Test mentioned in the text?
What is the classification of asthma control according to the text?
What is the classification of asthma control according to the text?
What is the aim of asthma management?
What is the aim of asthma management?
What is an important part of asthma management that is sometimes overlooked?
What is an important part of asthma management that is sometimes overlooked?
What should be in place for a patient who has had an asthma attack and is being discharged from the hospital?
What should be in place for a patient who has had an asthma attack and is being discharged from the hospital?
What is the recommended frequency for reviewing patients with chronic asthma?
What is the recommended frequency for reviewing patients with chronic asthma?
What are common triggers of asthma?
What are common triggers of asthma?
What term describes the abnormal response to harmless stimuli in some individuals?
What term describes the abnormal response to harmless stimuli in some individuals?
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Study Notes
Understanding Asthma: Symptoms, Triggers, Diagnosis, and Family History
- Key symptoms of asthma are cough, wheeze, breathlessness, and tightness across the chest
- Children with asthma may present with a history of cough on exercise or at night, while adults may experience tiredness and heaviness in the chest
- Common triggers of asthma include viral or bacterial infections, allergens, physical activity, stress, and certain drugs
- Patients with asthma, particularly children, may have a history of recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections and allergies
- Family history plays a role in asthma, and children of mothers who smoked while pregnant are more likely to develop asthma
- Physical examination may not detect abnormalities, but it can help exclude other possible causes like chest infection or heart failure
- Lung function tests, such as peak expiratory flow (PEF) and spirometry, are crucial for confirming the diagnosis of asthma
- PEF is a simple, quick, and inexpensive lung-function test that measures the maximum rate of air forcibly exhaled
- Spirometry provides more detailed information about the condition of the airways than PEF, measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio
- A measured PEF less than 80% of predicted indicates airway obstruction, potentially due to asthma, but a diagnosis of asthma requires variability of 15% or more between two readings on separate occasions
- Spirometry measures such as FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio are compared with predicted values and abnormal results can indicate disease or airway obstruction
- Proper diagnosis of asthma involves comprehensive understanding of symptoms, triggers, family history, and accurate lung function tests.
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